Category Archives: Egypt

AKs Around The World – The Proliferation of the Kalashnikov Design

Growing up in the 70s and 80s, I was patriotic and was mainly interested in American firearms. In 2006, I read an article about building your own AK by the late great Steven Matthews and I changed course dramatically. I’ve always liked history, machines and firearms and started reading books about Mikhail Kalashnikov and his AK designs. My business, Ronin’s Grips, was born along the way.

I though it might be interesting to share how the Kalashnikov design has proliferated around the world with everyone. Thus, I did some digging to create this.

1. Introduction

The Kalashnikov assault rifle, first introduced in the Soviet Union shortly after World War II, represents one of the most influential and widely proliferated firearm designs in history.1 Its simple design, rugged reliability, and ease of mass production contributed to its adoption by numerous armed forces globally and its appearance in countless conflicts.1 The original AK-47 and its subsequent iterations, including the AKM, AK-74, the AK-100 series, and the modern AK-12, have not only served as the standard armament for many nations but have also inspired a vast array of locally produced variants and derivatives worldwide.2

This report documents the countries that have manufactured Kalashnikov-inspired rifle designs. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the specific models produced, their calibers, approximate dates of production, and, where available, estimated production numbers. The scope encompasses rifles directly based on the Soviet/Russian lineage—AK-47, AKM, AK-74, AK-100 series, and AK-12—as well as notable derivatives that share the core Kalashnikov operating principle.

While extensive research has been conducted, it is important to acknowledge that precise production figures for many Kalashnikov-type rifles, particularly those from less transparent or state-controlled manufacturing environments, are often estimates or remain unavailable in publicly accessible records. Nevertheless, this report endeavors to present the most accurate and detailed information possible based on the available data.

2. The Soviet/Russian Kalashnikov Lineage: The Foundation for Global Variants

The evolution of the Kalashnikov rifle series within the Soviet Union and subsequently the Russian Federation laid the groundwork for its global adoption and adaptation. Each major iteration introduced refinements in design, manufacturing, or caliber, reflecting changing military doctrines and technological advancements. Understanding this original lineage is crucial for contextualizing the myriad of international variants.

2.1. AK-47 (Avtomat Kalashnikova obraztsa 1947 goda)

The AK-47, designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov, was officially adopted by the Soviet military in 1949, though its design work began earlier, around 1947.1 Initial production started in 1948.3 The rifle was chambered for the intermediate 7.62x39mm M43 cartridge, a defining feature that offered a balance between the power of full-sized rifle cartridges and the controllability of submachine gun rounds.3 Early models featured milled receivers (Type 1, Type 2, Type 3), which contributed to their durability.3 The AK-47 was designed for simplicity, reliability in adverse conditions, and ease of mass production using methods available in the post-war Soviet Union.3 Its long-stroke gas piston system became a hallmark of the Kalashnikov design.3 Approximately 75 million AK-47s are estimated to have been built, with the broader Kalashnikov family reaching around 100 million units.3 Key manufacturers included the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant (Izhmash), now Kalashnikov Concern.3

Soviet AK-47, Type 2A made from 1951 to 1954/55. Image source is Wikimedia.5

2.2. AKM (Avtomat Kalashnikova Modernizirovannyj)

Introduced in 1959, the AKM was a modernized version of the AK-47, also designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov’s team.1 A pivotal change was the introduction of a stamped sheet-metal receiver, which significantly reduced manufacturing costs, lightened the rifle, and simplified mass production compared to the milled receiver of the AK-47.1 The AKM retained the 7.62x39mm caliber and the long-stroke gas piston system.4 Other improvements included a new muzzle brake (slant compensator) to reduce muzzle climb during automatic fire, an improved bayonet, and often, laminated wood furniture.6 Production of the AKM in the Soviet Union ran from 1959 to 1977, with an estimated 10,278,300 units built by Izhmash and the Tula Arms Plant.6 The AKM became the most prevalent variant of the Kalashnikov series globally, largely due to its widespread production and export by the Soviet Union and its allies.7

Photo of an AKM, manufactured in 1975. Picture taken in Managua, Nicaragua in a local firing range. Image source: Wikimedia.9

2.3. AK-74 (Avtomat Kalashnikova obraztsa 1974 goda)

The AK-74 was developed in the early 1970s and officially adopted in 1974 as a successor to the AKM.10 The most significant change was the adoption of a new, smaller caliber, high-velocity cartridge, the 5.45x39mm M74.4 This shift mirrored developments in NATO countries towards smaller caliber service rifles, aiming for lighter ammunition, flatter trajectory, and reduced recoil, thereby improving hit probability.10 The AK-74 retained the basic Kalashnikov long-stroke gas piston operating system and many AKM components, with some early models reportedly being re-barreled AKMs.10 It featured a distinctive, prominent muzzle brake to further mitigate recoil and muzzle rise.10 Manufactured by Izhmash (now Kalashnikov Concern) and Tula Arms Plant, production of the original AK-74 ran from 1974 to 1991, with over 5 million units built.10 The modernized AK-74M, featuring a side-folding polymer stock and a universal scope rail, entered full-scale production in 1991 and continues to be produced.4

A left side view of a 5.45mm Soviet AK-74 assault rifle, top, and a 5.45mm RPK-74 light machine gun, bottom. The RPK-74 is the light machine gun version of the AK-74 and has a longer, heavier barrel, a larger magazine, and an attached bipod. Image Source: Wikimedia.12

2.4. AK-100 Series (Export-Oriented Evolution)

Introduced in 1994, the AK-100 series, developed by Izhmash (now Kalashnikov Concern), is based on the AK-74M design but was primarily intended for export markets.13 This family of rifles is characterized by black polymer furniture, side-folding polymer stocks, and the use of AK-74M internal systems, ensuring a high degree of parts interchangeability.13 A key strategic development with the AK-100 series was the offering of multiple calibers to appeal to a wider international customer base. This demonstrated a shift from primarily arming domestic and allied forces with a standardized caliber to a more market-driven approach in the post-Cold War era. The availability of rifles chambered in NATO standard ammunition alongside traditional Soviet calibers was a significant step in maintaining the Kalashnikov’s global relevance. Production numbers for the entire series are substantial, with Deagel.com indicating over 30,000 produced (though this seems low for the entire series and may refer to a specific timeframe or subset) 14, while other sources suggest much larger overall Kalashnikov production from Izhevsk which would include these models.15 The AK-100M/200 series, introduced around 2017, represents further modernization with enhanced ergonomics and Picatinny rails for accessory mounting.13

  • AK-101: An export version of the AK-74M chambered in the NATO standard 5.56x45mm cartridge.4 Production began around 1995.16 Over 270,500+ have been built (this number likely includes other AK-100 variants or is a broader production figure).16
Russian AK-101. Image source: Wikimedia16
  • AK-102: A compact carbine version of the AK-101, also chambered in 5.56x45mm NATO, with a shorter 314mm barrel.4 Production: 2000-present.17 Indonesia reportedly acquired 5,000 AK-101 and AK-102 rifles.17
AK-102 at Interpolitex-2009. Image Source: Wikimedia. Note, this photo is by Vitaly V. Kuzmin. Vitaly is a military photo jopurnalist and takes amazing photos of Russian military and defense related subjects. Click here for his blog and the amazing photos he has there. 17
  • AK-103: A modernized AKM chambered in 7.62x39mm M43, incorporating AK-74M features like polymer furniture and a side-folding stock.4 Production: 1994-present, with over 250,000+ built.18 It has seen significant export success, including licensed production in Venezuela and Ethiopia.4
AK-103 with GP-34 Grenade Launcher. Image Souce: Wikimedia19
  • AK-104: A compact carbine version of the AK-103, chambered in 7.62x39mm M43, with a 314mm barrel.4 Production began in 1994.20
AK-104 assault rifle at Engineering Technologies 2012. Image Source: Wikimedia.21
  • AK-105: A compact carbine version of the AK-74M, chambered in 5.45x39mm M74, with a 314mm barrel. It is used domestically by Russian forces as a shorter alternative to the full-sized AK-74M, filling a role similar to the older AKS-74U but with improved ballistics due to a slightly longer barrel and more modern features.4 Production began in 1994.23
AK-105 at the International Military-Technical Forum “Army” in 2022. Image Source: Wikimedia 23

2.5. AK-12 Series (Fifth Generation)

The AK-12 represents the latest generation of Kalashnikov rifles, designed by a team including Vladimir Zlobin and Sergey Urzhumcev under the Kalashnikov Concern (formerly Izhmash).24 The project began in 2011, with serial production commencing in 2018 after undergoing trials and refinements.24 Over 150,000 units have been built, with a significant contract for 150,000 AK-12 and AK-15 rifles for the Russian Ministry of Defence between 2019 and 2021.24

The AK-12 series incorporates significant ergonomic and tactical improvements over previous generations. These include an integrated Picatinny rail on the receiver cover and handguard for mounting optics and accessories, a redesigned adjustable and side-folding telescoping stock, an improved pistol grip, and a new rotary diopter rear sight.24 Early versions featured a two-round burst mode, which was later omitted in the 2023 upgrade based on operational feedback.24 This iterative development, even post-introduction, underscores a responsiveness to user needs and battlefield experiences, a characteristic of successful military firearm evolution. The multi-caliber approach initiated with the AK-100 series continues, broadening the family’s potential applications and export appeal.

  • Models & Calibers:
  • AK-12 (6P70): Chambered in 5.45x39mm.4
  • AK-15 (6P71): Chambered in 7.62x39mm.4
  • AK-19: Chambered in 5.56x45mm NATO.4
  • AK-308: A battle rifle variant chambered in 7.62x51mm NATO.4
  • Carbine versions include the AK-12K and AK-15K.24
AK-12 from the Army 2020 Expo. Image Source: Wikipedia. 24
This is an AK-12 at the Army 2022 Expo. Compare it to the 2020 photo above from 2020 Expo. Note the different buttstock, handguard and pistol grip. The rear sight is more compact and the trigger guard was enalged to better accomodate gloves. Image Source: Wikimedia
This photo shows us the four variants – from the top: AK-12, AK-15, AK-19, and the AK-308 at the bottom. This was taken at the Army 2021 Expo. Image Source: Wikimedia

The Soviet/Russian Kalashnikov lineage showcases a remarkable evolution. The initial AK-47 prioritized ruggedness and mass producibility with its milled receiver. The AKM’s transition to a stamped receiver was a critical development, drastically reducing production costs and time, which was instrumental in its massive global proliferation.1 This ability to simplify for mass production without sacrificing core reliability is a key factor in the Kalashnikov’s enduring presence. The AK-74’s adoption of the 5.45x39mm cartridge reflected a broader military trend towards smaller, higher-velocity rounds, aiming for improved soldier loadout and hit probability.10 The AK-100 series marked a strategic pivot towards export markets, offering NATO calibers alongside traditional Soviet ones, demonstrating adaptability to global demands.13 Finally, the AK-12 series integrates modern modularity (Picatinny rails, adjustable furniture) while retaining the fundamental Kalashnikov operating system, indicating an effort to keep the platform competitive in the 21st century.24 The production numbers themselves tell a story: massive outputs of AK-47s and AKMs during the Cold War underscored Soviet military doctrine and global influence, while the export focus of the AK-100 series and the recent ramp-up of AK-12 production reflect current geopolitical realities and domestic military requirements.3 Throughout this evolution, a degree of parts and magazine compatibility (within calibers) has often been maintained, simplifying logistics for users of multiple Kalashnikov generations.18

3. Global Production of Kalashnikov-Inspired Rifles: A Country-by-Country Breakdown

The simplicity, reliability, and Soviet policy of sharing technical data packages with allied nations led to the widespread licensed and unlicensed production of Kalashnikov-type rifles across the globe. Many countries adapted the design to their specific manufacturing capabilities and operational requirements, resulting in a diverse array of variants.

3.1. Albania

  • Manufacturer(s): KM Poliçan & Gramësh factories; State Arsenal.27
  • Models & Details:
  • Automatiku Shqiptar 1978 model 56 (ASH-78 Tip-1): A copy of the Chinese Type 56 (itself an AK-47 derivative), chambered in 7.62x39mm. It often lacks magazine well dimples and features unique selector markings “A” (automatic) and “1” (semi-automatic).4 Production ran from 1978 to 1993, with over 100,000 estimated to have been made.27
Albanian ASH-78 Tip-1. Image Source: Wikipedia3
  • ASH-78 Tip-2: A heavy-barreled version, analogous to the RPK.4
  • ASH-78 Tip-3: Equipped with grenade launching capability.4
  • Tipi 1982 (ASH-82): Generally a copy of the AKS-47 (underfolding stock).4 However, some rifles designated ASH-82 and dated 1981 are fixed-stock Type 56 copies with extended barrels and grenade spigots, while others dated 1986 are Type 56 copies with underfolding bayonets.31 Caliber: 7.62x39mm.
  • Various other AKMS-pattern rifles, some with short barrels similar to the Soviet AKS-74U, were also produced.4
  • Notes: Albanian Kalashnikov variants were developed during a period of national isolation and were heavily influenced by Chinese designs due to close ties after Albania’s split from the Soviet sphere.27 Albania notably supplied 30,000 ASH-78 rifles to the Afghan National Army.27

3.2. Argentina

  • Manufacturer(s): FMAP-DM (Dirección General de Fabricaciones Militares).33
  • Model: FARA 83 (Fusil Automático República Argentina), also known as FAA 81.
  • Caliber: 5.56x45mm NATO.33
  • Production Dates: Designed in 1981, initial production ran from 1984 to 1990, with a brief resumption in 1990 before cancellation due to economic difficulties.33
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: 1,193 in the initial run; total production numbers are unknown but limited.33 Some sources suggest “a little over 1000” were made in total.34
  • Notes: The FARA 83 was primarily inspired by the Italian Beretta AR70/223, particularly in its magazine and some design features.33 It utilizes a gas-operated reloading system.33 While listed as a “similar rifle” to Kalashnikovs in some sources due to design influences from the Galil and Valmet Rk 62 4, its arguably more of an influenced design rather than a direct derivative. It features a folding buttstock and tritium night sights.33

3.3. Armenia

  • Manufacturer(s): Not specified, but likely domestic state facilities.
  • Model: K-3
  • Caliber: 5.45x39mm.4
  • Production Dates: First displayed in 1996, suggesting production around that period.4
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Not specified.
  • Notes: The K-3 is a bullpup rifle based on the AKS-74U, designed for compactness.4
  • Wikimedia Photo Link: (A specific Wikimedia Commons link for the Armenian K-3 was not found in the provided snippets; image search required for report inclusion if available.)

3.4. Azerbaijan

  • Manufacturer(s): Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan (MODIAR).37
  • Models & Details:
  • Khazri: A licensed copy of the Russian AK-74M assault rifle. Caliber: 5.45x39mm. Production commenced in 2011 under a 10-year renewable license from Rosoboronexport, with a potential total production volume of up to 120,000 units for domestic use.4
  • Wikimedia Photo Link: 39 A representative image of an AK-74M could be used if a specific Khazri image is unavailable.
  • EM-14: An AK-101 clone. Caliber: 5.56x45mm NATO.37
  • AZ-7.62: An AK-103 clone. Caliber: 7.62x39mm.37
  • Notes: Azerbaijan’s production focuses on modern Kalashnikov variants for its armed forces.37

3.5. Bangladesh

  • Manufacturer(s): Bangladesh Ordnance Factories (BOF).4
  • Models & Details:
  • Chinese Type 56: Utilized by Bangladeshi forces, likely imported or assembled locally. Caliber: 7.62x39mm.4
  • BD-08: Listed as a “Similar rifle”.4 This is likely a locally produced version or derivative of the Chinese Type 81 assault rifle, as BOF manufactures the Type 81 under license.40 Caliber: 7.62x39mm.
  • Production Dates/Numbers: Specific dates and numbers for local Type 56 usage or BD-08/Type 81 production are not detailed in the provided sources.
  • Notes: The Type 81, while visually similar to AKs and sharing the same caliber, employs a distinct short-stroke gas piston system.41
  • Wikimedia Photo Link: (For BD-08, a specific image search is required. For Type 56, see China section.)

3.6. Bulgaria

  • Manufacturer(s): Arsenal AD (Kazanlak, formerly State Factory 10).4
  • Models & Details (Examples):
  • AKK / AKKS: Copies of the Soviet Type 3 AK-47 (milled receiver) and AKS (folding stock). Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Assembly from Soviet parts began in the early 1960s, with full licensed domestic production by the mid-1960s.4
  • AK-47M1: A Type 3 AK-47 variant with black polymer furniture.4
  • AR-M1 Series: A modernized derivative of the milled receiver AKK/AK-47, incorporating features from the AK-74 such as a flash suppressor and polymer stock. It is offered in both 5.56x45mm NATO and 7.62x39mm calibers. Production: 1998-present.4
  • Various AKS-74U pattern carbines, such as the AKS-74UF and the AR-SF (chambered in 5.56x45mm NATO).4
  • Licensed production of the AK-105 is also noted.22
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Arsenal (Factory 10) is estimated to have produced over 1,000,000 Kalashnikov-type rifles in total.15 A specific model, the SA M-7 Classic (a clone of the AK-47 Type 3 by Arsenal), had a limited run of only 243 units.28
  • Notes: Bulgaria is a significant and highly regarded producer and exporter of Kalashnikov rifles. Mikhail Kalashnikov himself reportedly stated that the finest AKs were made in Bulgaria.45 The AR-M1 series is notable for retaining the durable milled receiver design.44
Bulgarian AR-M1. Image source: Wikipedia44

3.7. Cambodia

  • Manufacturer(s): Not specified; likely imported rather than locally manufactured in significant numbers.4
  • Models Used: Chinese Type 56, Soviet AK-47, and AKM.4
  • Caliber: Primarily 7.62x39mm.
  • Production Dates/Numbers: Not applicable for local production based on available information.
  • Notes: Cambodia has historically relied on external sources for its Kalashnikov-pattern rifles.
  • Wikimedia Photo Link: (Refer to links for Type 56 from China, AK-47 and AKM from Soviet Union/Russia sections.)

3.8. China

  • Manufacturer(s): State Factory 66, Norinco (China North Industries Group Corporation), PolyTech Industries.15
  • Models & Details:
  • Type 56 Assault Rifle: A licensed copy of the Soviet AK-47. Early versions (from 1956) featured a milled receiver (based on AK-47 Type 3), while mid-1960s production shifted to a stamped receiver, similar to the AKM.47 Chambered in 7.62x39mm. Many Type 56 rifles are distinguished by an integral folding spike bayonet (often called a “pig sticker”).48
Chinese Type 56. Image source: Wikimedia.
  • Variants: Type 56-1 (copy of AKS with underfolding stock), Type 56-2 (side-folding stock), QBZ-56C (short-barreled carbine version).48
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Over 10,000,000 units.48
Chinese Type 56-1. Image Souce: Wikimedia.
  • Type 81 Assault Rifle: While visually resembling the AK series and chambered in 7.62x39mm, the Type 81 utilizes a distinct short-stroke gas piston operating system (similar to the SKS) and is not a direct Kalashnikov derivative.4 Production: 1983-present. Numbers: Approximately 400,000 of the basic Type 81 rifle.40 This rifle is noted as distinct due to its operating system.
Chinese Type 81. Image Source: Wikipedia.40
  • Type 84S: An AK variant chambered in 5.56x45mm NATO, visually similar to the AK-74.11
  • Norinco AK-2000: A copy of the Russian AK-101.16
  • CS/LR11, SDM AK-103: Clones of the Russian AK-103.18
  • Notes: China has been one of the largest producers and exporters of Kalashnikov-type rifles globally, with its Type 56 being particularly widespread.

3.9. Croatia

  • Manufacturer(s): Končar-Arma d.o.o (a subsidiary of ARMA-GRUPA Corporation).4
  • Model: APS-95
  • Caliber: 5.56x45mm NATO.51
  • Production Dates: Designed in 1993, produced from 1993/1995 until at least 2007.4
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Produced in small quantities; large-scale procurement was halted due to budgetary constraints.51 One source mentions “a little over 1000” for a different rifle (Argentine FARA 83) in a similar limited production context, but this is not a direct figure for the APS-95.34
  • Notes: The APS-95 was developed based on the South African Vektor R4 (itself a Galil derivative, thus tracing lineage to the Kalashnikov via the Finnish RK 62). It features a stamped receiver (unlike the milled receiver Galil/R4), an integrated 1.5x optical sight in the carrying handle, and a distinctive handguard and front sight assembly.51

3.10. Cuba

  • Manufacturer(s): Unión de Industrias Militares (UIM) is the state entity responsible for military production.4
  • Model(s): Copies or derivatives of the AKM.4 Specific Cuban model designations are not widely publicized.
  • Caliber: Primarily 7.62x39mm.
  • Production Dates/Numbers: Details regarding the start dates, production volume, or specific factories involved in Cuban AKM production are not specified in the provided materials.53 Cuba was a known recipient of Soviet arms and also played a role in the supply chain for other groups in Latin America.54
  • Notes: Cuba has a long history of utilizing Kalashnikov-pattern rifles.
  • Wikimedia Photo Link: (Specific images of Cuban-manufactured AKM variants are not readily available in the snippets; a general AKM image may be used as a placeholder if necessary, noting the Cuban context.)

3.11. Czechoslovakia (Now Czech Republic & Slovakia)

  • Model: Vz. 58 (Samopal vzor 58)
  • Caliber: 7.62x39mm.4
  • Notes: The Vz. 58 is often mistaken for a Kalashnikov variant due to its external resemblance and shared cartridge. However, it employs a significantly different operating mechanism: a short-stroke gas piston and a striker-fired mechanism, as opposed to the Kalashnikov’s long-stroke piston and rotating hammer.4 Its parts are not interchangeable with AK-pattern rifles.56 Therefore, it is not a Kalashnikov-inspired design in terms of its core operating system and will be noted as such in the summary table.
Vz.58 Rifle – while it looks similar to an AK, it is not. Image Source: Wikipedia.

3.12. East Germany (German Democratic Republic)

  • Manufacturer(s): VEB Geräte- und Sonderwerkzeugbau Wiesa (GSW); Volkseigener Betrieb Fahrzeug- und Jagdwaffenfabrik “Ernst Thälmann” Suhl.15
  • Models & Details:
  • MPi-K / MPi-KS: Licensed copies of the Soviet AK-47 and AKS (folding stock), respectively. Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production began around 1957-1959 and continued into the mid-1960s.4
  • MPi-KM: A licensed copy of the Soviet AKM, featuring a stamped receiver and often distinctive plastic furniture (buttstock, pistol grip, handguards) with a “pebble” or “dimpled” texture. Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production: Circa 1966 into the 1980s.4
  • MPi-KMS-72: A version of the MPi-KM with a side-folding wire stock.4
  • MPi-AK-74N: A licensed copy of the Soviet AK-74. Caliber: 5.45x39mm. Production: 1983-1990.4
  • MPi-AKS-74N: Side-folding stock version of the MPi-AK-74N.4
  • MPi-AKS-74NK: Carbine version of the MPi-AKS-74N.4
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Nearly 4 million MPi series rifles in total were produced by East Germany.60 Other estimates suggest 2 million from the Wiesa factory alone 15, or 3-4 million MPi-K/MPi-KM rifles.58 Initial production was slow; the 1958 target of 30,000 rifles took nearly three years to achieve.60
  • Notes: East Germany was a significant producer and exporter of Kalashnikov rifles. Production ceased with the reunification of Germany in 1990.60
MPi-KM assault rifles are in service of Vietnam People’s Army and used for training. Image Source: Wikimedia.62

3.13. Egypt

  • Manufacturer(s): Maadi Company for Engineering Industries (Factory 54).2
  • Models & Details:
  • AK-47 copies: Egypt began producing AK-47 pattern rifles from 1958 onwards.4
  • Misr: An AKM copy. Caliber: 7.62x39mm.4
  • Maadi ARM: An AKM copy, often seen with a distinctive laminated wood stock and pistol grip. Caliber: 7.62x39mm.
  • Other Maadi variants include rifles resembling the RPK (long barrel).
  • Production Dates: AK-47/AKM type production commenced in 1958.15 Semi-automatic “MISR S/A” rifles imported into the US bear manufacture dates from the late 1990s (e.g., 1997-1999).65
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Not specified in the provided sources. The Maadi factory also produced around 70,000 Hakim rifles (a different Swedish-designed system) in the 1950s-60s.64
  • Notes: Egyptian Maadi rifles are well-known among collectors, particularly in the United States.

3.14. Ethiopia

  • Manufacturer(s): Gafat Armament Engineering Complex (GAEC), part of the Metals and Engineering Corporation (METEC).4
  • Models & Details:
  • AK-47 copies: GAEC initially produced AK-47 automatic rifles after its establishment in January 1986.67 Caliber: 7.62x39mm.
  • Et-97/1: This is the local designation for the AK-103 assault rifle, produced under license. Caliber: 7.62x39mm.4
  • Production Dates: GAEC began AK-47 production in 1986.67 Licensed production of the AK-103 is ongoing.14
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Not specified.
  • Notes: There are reports suggesting North Korean advisors assisted Ethiopia with establishing its small arms manufacturing capabilities.67

3.15. Finland

  • Manufacturer(s): Valmet; SAKO.2
  • Models & Details:
  • RK 60 (Rynnäkkökivääri 60): The initial version of the Finnish Kalashnikov derivative, produced in 1960. It was internally almost a copy of the AK-47 but featured a metallic buttstock, plastic handguard and pistol grip, and notably lacked a trigger guard for easier use with winter mittens.68 Caliber: 7.62x39mm.
  • RK 62 (Valmet M62): The main production model, designed between 1957-1962 and produced from 1965 to 1994. It is a highly regarded AK-47 derivative known for its quality and accuracy, featuring a milled receiver, distinctive tubular stock on early models (later polymer), unique front sight/gas block combination, and aperture rear sight on the receiver cover.2 Caliber: 7.62x39mm.
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Over 350,000 units of the M62 (RK 62) were jointly manufactured by Valmet and Sako.68
Valmet RK 62. Image Source: Wikimedia
  • Valmet M76 (RK 62 76): A version of the RK 62 with a stamped receiver, produced in both 7.62x39mm and 5.56x45mm NATO calibers.4
Valmet RK 62 76. Image Source: Wikimedia
  • Valmet M78: A light machine gun variant based on the RK 62 design.4
  • RK 95 TP (Sako M95): A further modernized version of the RK 62, featuring a side-folding stock and other improvements. Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Approximately 20,000 were made.4
RK 95 TP. Image Source: Wikimedia
  • Notes: Finnish Kalashnikov derivatives are renowned for their high manufacturing quality and design improvements over the basic Soviet models. The RK 62 notably served as the design basis for the Israeli Galil assault rifle.69

3.16. Hungary

  • Manufacturer(s): Fegyver- és Gépgyár (FÉG).4
  • Models & Details:
  • AK-55: A domestic copy of the Soviet 2nd Model AK-47 (milled receiver). Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production started around 1956.4
  • AKM-63 (AMD-63 in the US market): A modernized version of the AK-55, featuring a distinctive sheet metal handguard with an integrated forward pistol grip, and a fixed wooden stock. Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production estimated from circa 1963 to 2000.4
  • AMD-65M (Automata Módosított Deszantfegyver): A shorter-barreled version of the AKM-63 designed for paratroopers and armored vehicle crews, featuring a side-folding single-strut stock and often a shorter 20-round magazine. Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production: 1965-1980.4 “Tens of thousands” were produced.73
This team has the distinctive AMD-65M rifles -note how Hungary used leather slings also. Image Source: Wikimedia
  • AK-63F / AK-63D (Military designations AMM / AMMSz): These models are closer copies of the Soviet AKM and AKMS (stamped receiver), featuring traditional wooden or later polymer furniture, but often retaining the straight pistol grip of the AKM-63. Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production: 1977–2001.4 Approximately 7,700 AK-63s were modernized to the AK-63MF standard for the Hungarian Armed Forces.72 Around 7,000 semi-automatic SA-85M versions were imported into the US before the 1989 import ban.72
  • NGM-81: An export version chambered in 5.56x45mm NATO.4
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Specific overall numbers for FÉG’s AK production are not available in 15 (“N/A”). However, “tens of thousands” of AMD-65s were made 73, and around 11,000 AK-63s were reportedly exported to Central America during the 1980s.72
  • Notes: Hungarian Kalashnikovs often feature unique ergonomic (or not so ergonomic_ and design choices, particularly the early models like the AKM-63 and AMD-65.

3.17. India

  • Manufacturer(s): Ordnance Factories Board (OFB); Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) for design; Indo-Russia Rifles Private Limited (IRRPL) for AK-203 production.2
  • Models & Details:
  • INSAS (Indian Small Arms System) Rifle: While incorporating features from other rifles, the INSAS is primarily based on the Kalashnikov (AKM) operating system, utilizing a long-stroke gas piston and rotating bolt.78 Caliber: 5.56x45mm NATO. Development began in the mid-1980s, it entered service in 1990, with mass production starting in 1997.4 The rifle has faced criticism for reliability issues, particularly in extreme conditions.79 Design influences include the Galil and, at least indirectly, the Valmet RK 62..
Indian INSAS rifle. Image Source: Wikipedia.
  • AK-103: India has arranged for licensed production of the AK-103.13
  • AK-203: A significant contract was signed for the licensed production of over 600,000 AK-203 rifles in India by IRRPL, a joint venture between Indian OFB and Russian Kalashnikov Concern. An additional 70,000 rifles were to be imported directly from Russia.13 Caliber: 7.62x39mm.
  • Trichy Assault Rifle: An Indian-produced clone of the Bulgarian AR-M1 series (itself an AK derivative).44
  • Notes: India’s adoption of the INSAS marked a move to a NATO standard caliber, though its performance has been controversial. The recent large-scale adoption and licensed production of the AK-203 indicates a renewed reliance on the Kalashnikov platform.

3.18. Iran

  • Manufacturer(s): Defense Industries Organization (DIO).80
  • Models & Details:
  • KLS: A copy of the AK-47/AKM with a fixed wooden stock. Caliber: 7.62x39mm.4
  • KLF: A copy of the AKS/AKMS with an underfolding metal stock. Caliber: 7.62x39mm.4
  • KLT: A copy of the AKMS with a side-folding metal stock. Caliber: 7.62x39mm.4
  • AK-103 copies: Iran produces licensed versions designated AK-133 and unlicensed copies called KL-133. Additionally, some AK-103s were directly imported from Russia.13
  • Production Dates/Numbers: Specific production dates and quantities for the KLS/KLF/KLT series are not detailed, though these rifles typically feature seven-digit serial numbers.80
  • Notes: Iranian Kalashnikov variants are often based on Soviet and Chinese models.

3.19. Iraq

  • Manufacturer(s): Al-Qadissiya Establishments.4
  • Models & Details:
  • Tabuk Sniper Rifle: A designated marksman rifle (DMR) chambered in 7.62x39mm. It is a modified version of the Yugoslav Zastava M76 sniper rifle, which itself is an AK-pattern derivative. The Tabuk features a longer barrel than a standard AKM and is designed for semi-automatic fire only.4
  • Tabuk Assault Rifle: These are direct clones of the Yugoslavian Zastava M70 series of assault rifles (which are AKM derivatives), available with fixed or underfolding stocks. Caliber: 7.62x39mm.4
  • Production Dates: Production of the Tabuk Sniper Rifle began in 1978 and is reported as ongoing.84 The Tabuk Assault Rifles (M70 clones) were produced from 1978 into the 1990s.83
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Not specified.
  • Notes: The machinery and technical assistance for establishing Iraqi Kalashnikov production were provided by Zastava Arms of Yugoslavia.84
Iraqi Tabuk Sniper. Image Source: Wikipedia.84

3.20. Israel

  • Manufacturer(s): Israel Military Industries (IMI), later privatized as Israel Weapon Industries (IWI).2
  • Models & Details:
  • IMI Galil: An assault rifle family developed in the late 1960s and adopted in 1972. The Galil’s design is heavily based on the Finnish RK 62 (Valmet M62), which is a high-quality AK-47 derivative. The first Galils were even manufactured using Valmet Rk 62 receivers.69 It features the Kalashnikov long-stroke gas piston system.86
  • Calibers: Primarily 5.56x45mm NATO and 7.62x51mm NATO.70
  • Production: IMI produced the Galil from 1972 to 1998; IWI continues to export and develop versions.70
  • Variants: ARM (Automatic Rifle Machine-gun, with bipod and carry handle), AR (Automatic Rifle), SAR (Short Automatic Rifle).70
  • IWI Galil ACE: A modernized and redesigned version of the Galil, introduced in 2008. It retains the core Galil/Kalashnikov mechanism but incorporates modern materials, Picatinny rails, and improved ergonomics.4
  • Calibers: 5.45x39mm, 5.56x45mm NATO, 7.62x39mm, and 7.62x51mm NATO.87
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Specific numbers for the original Galil are not provided. The Galil ACE production is ongoing.
  • Notes: The Galil is a highly respected Kalashnikov derivative, known for its reliability, particularly in harsh desert environments, and improved ergonomics over basic AK models. It has been licensed for production to several other countries, including Italy, Colombia, South Africa (as the R4), and Vietnam.85
Comparison of the Hungarian AMD-65 (top), the American M16A1 with A2 handguard (middle) and the Israeli Galil ARM (bottom). Image Source: Wikipedia.

3.21. Italy

  • Manufacturer(s): Vincenzo Bernardelli S.p.A..4
  • Models: Bernardelli VB-STD / VB-SR
  • Caliber: Likely 5.56x45mm NATO, as Bernardelli produced the IMI Galil (which was available in this caliber) under license.86
  • Production Dates/Numbers: Not specified in the provided materials.
  • Notes: The Bernardelli VB-STD and VB-SR are listed as “similar rifles” to the Kalashnikov family.4 Given that Bernardelli held a license to produce the Israeli Galil 86, these models are almost certainly Galil derivatives, and therefore share the Kalashnikov-derived operating mechanism. The VB-SR is specifically noted as a modified Galil.

3.22. Nigeria

  • Manufacturer(s): Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria (DICON).4
  • Models & Details:
  • OBJ-006: A Nigerian copy of the AK-47 assault rifle. Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production began in 2006.4
  • Licensed Polish Beryl: DICON has acquired rights to manufacture a copy of the Polish FB Kbs wz. 1996 Beryl assault rifle.90 Caliber: 5.56x45mm NATO.
  • Production Dates/Numbers: OBJ-006 production started in 2006; specific numbers are not available. Timelines and quantities for the Beryl production are also not specified. DICON has partnered with a firm called D7G to enhance local defense production, including establishing AK-47 assembly lines.89
  • Notes: Nigeria is working to increase its indigenous small arms manufacturing capacity.
  • Wikimedia Photo Link (OBJ-006): 93

3.23. North Korea

  • Manufacturer(s): State Arsenals, including Factory 61 and Factory 65 in Chongjin.4
  • Models & Details:
  • Type 58 (A/B): A direct copy of the Soviet AK-47, specifically the Type 3 with a milled receiver. The Type 58A is the fixed-stock version, and the Type 58B (or Type 58-1) is the underfolding stock version (AKS equivalent).4 Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production: 1958–1968.94
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Approximately 800,000 units.94
  • Type 68 (A/B): A copy of the Soviet AKM (stamped receiver) and AKMS (stamped receiver, underfolding stock). Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production began in 1968 to replace the more time-consuming Type 58.4 The Type 68-1 features a weight-reducing holed underfolding stock.94
  • Type 88: A copy of the Soviet AK-74 (primarily AKS-74 with side-folding stock). Caliber: 5.45x39mm.4 The Type 88 carbine is noted as a localized copy of the AK-105.23
  • Notes: Initial North Korean production of the Type 58 utilized Soviet-supplied components before transitioning to fully domestic parts.94 North Korean Kalashnikovs have been exported to various countries and non-state actors.94 Identifying marks include a five-point star in a circle and model designations in Hangul script.94
North Korean Type 58. Image Source: Wikipedia

3.24. Pakistan

  • Manufacturer(s): Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF) for some models; numerous small workshops in the Khyber Pass region for unlicensed copies.4
  • Models & Details:
  • Khyber Pass Copies: A general term for a wide variety of often crudely made, unlicensed copies of Kalashnikov assault rifles (AK-47, AKM, and others). Quality and specifications can vary significantly. Caliber: Typically 7.62x39mm.4
  • POF PK-10: Listed as a POF product.4 Specific details are sparse in the provided material.
  • POF PK-21: An unlicensed clone of the Russian AK-103, manufactured by Pakistan Ordnance Factories.18 Caliber: 7.62x39mm.
  • Production Dates/Numbers: Production of Khyber Pass copies has been ongoing for decades and is decentralized, making numbers impossible to track. Specific production dates and numbers for POF’s PK-10 and PK-21 are not detailed.
  • Notes: The Khyber Pass region is notorious for its artisanal firearms production, including many Kalashnikov variants. POF produces a range of military hardware under license and develops indigenous designs.
  • Wikimedia Photo Link: (No specific links for PK-10/PK-21 found. Khyber Pass copies are too varied for a single representative image. An image of a POF-produced rifle would require a specific search.)

3.25. Poland

  • Manufacturer(s): Łucznik Arms Factory (Fabryka Broni “Łucznik” – Radom), formerly Factory 11.4
  • Models & Details:
  • pmK (kbk AK) / pmKS (kbk AKS): Licensed copies of the Soviet AK-47 and AKS (folding stock). Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production started in 1957.4
  • kbk AKM / kbk AKMS: Licensed copies of the Soviet AKM and AKMS. Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production: Circa 1965 until 1992, with a short additional run in 2000 primarily from leftover parts.4
  • kbk wz. 1988 Tantal: An assault rifle chambered in 5.45x39mm, based on the AK-74 but with distinct Polish design features, such as a unique fire selector mechanism allowing for semi-auto, full-auto, and 3-round burst fire, and a side-folding wire stock. Production: 1989–1994.4
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Approximately 25,000 units.100
Kbk wz. 88 Tantal. Image Source: Wikipedia100
  • skbk wz. 1989 Onyks: A compact carbine version of the Tantal.4
  • kbs wz. 1996 Beryl: An assault rifle chambered in 5.56x45mm NATO, developed to meet NATO standards and replace the Tantal. Production: 1997–present.4
Polish Beryl wz. 96 (version C), made by Fabryka Broni “Łucznik”. Image Souce: Wikipedia92
  • kbk wz. 1996 Mini-Beryl: A compact carbine version of the Beryl.4
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: For the Tantal, around 25,000 units.100 The Radom factory had a capacity of 70,000 rifles per year in the late 1980s/early 1990s.99
  • Notes: Polish Kalashnikov derivatives are generally well-regarded. The Tantal and Beryl represent significant indigenous developments on the Kalashnikov platform.

3.26. Romania

  • Manufacturer(s): Cugir Arms Factory (now part of ROMARM), with some limited production outsourced to Uzina Mecanica Sadu.4
  • Models & Details:
  • PM md. 63 (Pistol Mitralieră model 1963): A licensed copy of the Soviet AKM. A distinctive feature of many md. 63 rifles is a forward-pointing laminated wooden vertical foregrip integrated into the lower handguard. Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production: 1963–present.4
  • PM md. 65 (Pistol Mitralieră model 1965): The underfolding stock version, equivalent to the AKMS. To accommodate the folding stock, the vertical foregrip, if present, is often canted rearwards or is absent on some sub-variants. Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production: 1965–present.4
A Romanian soldier armed with a PM md. 65 in 1989. Image Source: Wikipedia
  • PA md. 86 (Pușcă Automată model 1986): A Romanian derivative of the Soviet AK-74, chambered in 5.45x39mm. It features a distinctive side-folding wire stock (similar to East German designs) and sometimes a 3-round burst capability. It retained some AKM elements like the gas block design.4 Production: Late 1980s–present.
  • PM md. 80: A short-barreled AK variant, often with a unique side-folding stock and a combined front sight/gas block.4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_Mitralier%C4%83_model_1963/1965. Image Source: Wikipedia.
  • PM md. 90: A 7.62x39mm rifle that incorporates the side-folding wire stock of the PA md. 86.4 There is also a short-barreled carbine version of the md. 90.
PM md. 90. Image Source: Wikipedia.
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: “Several million” total PM md. 63/65 rifles have been produced.105 Over 400,000 were acquired by the Romanian armed forces.105
  • Notes: Romanian Kalashnikovs are widely exported, often under the designations AIM (for fixed stock md. 63 types) and AIMS (for folding stock md. 65 types).106 Versions marked with a “G” on the trunnion were semi-automatic rifles produced for the Romanian Patriotic Guards and are well-known in the US parts kit market as “Romy G’s”.104
US Air Force personnel with AIM md. 65s during a training exercise in 1985. Image Source: Wikipedia.

3.27. Serbia (formerly Yugoslavia)

  • Manufacturer(s): Zastava Arms (Kragujevac).4
  • Models & Details (Examples):
  • M64: An early Yugoslav Kalashnikov derivative, which led to the M70.
  • M70 (Automatska Puška M70): The standard issue rifle of the Yugoslav People’s Army, based on the AK-47/AKM design but with several distinct Yugoslav features. These often include a thicker RPK-style receiver (1.5mm stamped or milled on early versions), a longer handguard with three cooling slots, an integral grenade launching sight, and typically a non-chrome-lined barrel.4 Caliber: 7.62x39mm. Production: 1970–present.83
  • Variants: M70 (milled receiver), M70B1 (stamped receiver, fixed stock), M70AB2 (stamped receiver, underfolding stock).
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Approximately 4,000,000 units of the M70 family.83
M70AB2 rifle. Image Source: Wikipedia108
  • M72: A light machine gun version, analogous to the RPK, based on the M70 design.4
  • M76: A designated marksman rifle chambered in 7.92x57mm Mauser, based on the long Kalashnikov action.4
  • M77: A battle rifle chambered in 7.62x51mm NATO, also using the Kalashnikov action.4
  • M85: A compact carbine chambered in 5.56x45mm NATO.4
  • M90: An assault rifle chambered in 5.56x45mm NATO.4
  • M92: A compact carbine version of the M70, chambered in 7.62x39mm (similar to AKS-74U in role).4
  • M21: A modern assault rifle system chambered in 5.56x45mm NATO, incorporating Picatinny rails and modern furniture, but still based on the Kalashnikov operating system.4
  • Notes: Yugoslavian/Serbian Kalashnikov derivatives are known for their robust construction and unique features tailored to Yugoslav military doctrine, such as integrated rifle grenade launching capabilities. They often differ significantly in receiver construction and furniture from Soviet models. We have posts on the M70 and M72 families of rifles.

3.28. South Africa

  • Manufacturer(s): Lyttelton Engineering Works (LIW), later Armscor, now Denel Land Systems.2
  • Models & Details:
  • Vektor R4: A licensed variant of the Israeli IMI Galil ARM (which is itself a derivative of the Finnish RK 62, tracing back to the AK-47). The R4 was adapted for South African conditions, featuring a longer stock made of high-strength polymer and other polymer components to reduce weight. Caliber: 5.56x45mm NATO. It entered service with the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1980.2
  • Estimated Numbers Produced: Approximately 420,000 units.109
  • Vektor R5: A carbine version of the R4, similar to the Galil SAR, with a shorter barrel and handguard. It lacks a bipod.85
  • Vektor R6: An even more compact carbine version designed for paratroopers and vehicle crews.85
  • Truvelo Raptor: Mentioned as a “similar rifle” with AK-basis.4 Specific details are sparse in provided material.
  • Notes: The R-series rifles are a clear example of the Kalashnikov design’s adaptability, modified through several iterations (AK -> RK 62 -> Galil -> R4) to suit specific national requirements.
A South African soldier, part of the UN peacekeeping force, armed with an R4 during a training exercise in 2013 © MONUSCO/Sylvain Liechti. Image Source: Wikipedia

3.29. Sudan

  • Manufacturer(s): Military Industry Corporation (MIC).4
  • Model: MAZ
  • Caliber: Assuming its basis on the Chinese Type 56 4, that strongly suggests the 7.62x39mm cartridge.
  • Production Dates/Numbers: Not specified in the provided materials.110
  • Notes: The MAZ rifle is reported to be based on the Chinese Type 56 assault rifle and manufactured using Chinese-supplied machinery.4

3.30. Turkey

  • Manufacturer(s): Sarsılmaz Silah Sanayi A.Ş..4
  • Models & Details:
  • SAR 15T: Described as an AK-47 clone.4 Caliber is likely 7.62x39mm given its AK-47 clone designation.
  • SAR 308 (V2): Also listed as an AK-47 clone.4 The “308” in its name might suggest the 7.62x51mm NATO (.308 Winchester) cartridge, which would make it more of a battle rifle or DMR if based on the Kalashnikov action, rather than a standard assault rifle. 4 lists it as “SAR 15T/308(V2)”. Further clarification on caliber would be needed for precise classification.
  • Production Dates/Numbers: Not specified. Sarsılmaz is a major Turkish arms manufacturer founded in 1880 and exports to over 80 countries.112
  • Notes: Sarsılmaz produces a wide range of firearms for military, police, and civilian markets.

3.31. Ukraine

  • Manufacturer(s): State Space Agency of Ukraine (for Vepr); Interproinvest (IPI) / Krasyliv Assembly Manufacturing Plant (for Malyuk).4
  • Models & Details:
  • Vepr (“Wild Boar”): A bullpup conversion of the AK-74 assault rifle. Designed in 1993-1994 and announced in 2003. It retains the AK-74’s operating mechanism and 5.45x39mm caliber.4
Vepr Bullpup. Image Source: Wikipedia
  • Malyuk (“Baby” or “Vulcan”): Another Ukrainian bullpup assault rifle based on the Kalashnikov operating system (derived from AKM/AK-74 and lessons from the Vepr project). Development started in 2005, it debuted publicly in 2015, and has been in service with Ukrainian special forces since 2017.4
  • Calibers: Available in 5.45x39mm, 7.62x39mm, and 5.56x45mm NATO.117
Malyuk Bullpup. Image Source: Wikipedia
  • Production Dates/Numbers: Specific production numbers and detailed timelines are not extensively provided.
  • Notes: Both the Vepr and Malyuk represent efforts to modernize existing Kalashnikov-pattern rifles into more compact bullpup configurations, suitable for modern combat scenarios, particularly in confined spaces. The Malyuk notably features ambidextrous controls and improved ergonomics.117

3.32. United States

  • PSAK-47 series (e.g., GF3, GF4, GF5) in 7.62x39mm.4
  • PSA AK-556 in 5.56x45mm NATO.4
  • PSAK-74 in 5.45x39mm.4
  • PSAK-104 (semi-automatic clone of the AK-104 carbine).20
Author’s customized PSA AK-E. Image Source: Author.
    • Notes: The vast majority of US-produced Kalashnikov-pattern firearms are semi-automatic versions intended for the civilian market, complying with US firearms regulations (e.g., 922R compliance for imported parts). Quality and adherence to original Kalashnikov specifications can vary widely among manufacturers.

    3.33. Venezuela

    • Manufacturer(s): CAVIM (Compañía Anónima Venezolana de Industrias Militares).4
    • Model: AK-103 (produced under license from Russia)
    • Caliber: 7.62x39mm.4
    • Production Dates: The license agreement was made in 2006. Factories were officially opened in 2012, and initial deliveries of CAVIM-made AK-103s to the Venezuelan Army occurred in 2013. Full-scale production was planned to commence by the end of 2019, but the project faced significant delays and challenges, including issues with the Russian contractor and allegations of fraud, forcing CAVIM to attempt to complete construction themselves. The current operational status and output of the plant are unclear.119
    • Estimated Numbers Produced: The plant was planned to have an annual production capacity of approximately 25,000 rifles.119 However, actual numbers produced are not specified and are likely much lower than initially planned due to the aforementioned issues.
    • Notes: Venezuela also planned to produce over 50 million rounds of ammunition annually at an associated plant.119 The project has been a subject of scrutiny due to delays and costs.

    3.34. Vietnam

    • Manufacturer(s): Z111 Factory.4
    • Models & Details:
    • AKM-1 / AKM-VN: Local designations for AKM pattern rifles, possibly upgraded or locally assembled versions of the Soviet AKM [4 (STL-1A from AKM)]. Caliber: 7.62x39mm.
    • TUL-1: A light machine gun, likely based on the RPK.4 Caliber: 7.62x39mm.
    • STL-1A: An upgraded version of older AKM rifles, featuring new polymer handguards, a folding buttstock, an ergonomic pistol grip, an updated muzzle brake, and compatibility with M203-type grenade launchers.122 Caliber: 7.62x39mm.
    • STV Series (Súng Trường Việt Nam): A family of modern assault rifles based on the IWI Galil ACE design (itself a Kalashnikov derivative), chambered in 7.62x39mm and using standard AK-47/AKM magazines. These were revealed around 2019-2020 and are becoming standard issue for the Vietnam People’s Army.4
    • STV-215: Carbine version with a 215mm barrel.121
    • STV-380: Standard rifle version with a 380mm barrel.121
    • STV-410: Rifle with a 410mm barrel and adjustments to handguard/gas block for grenade launcher compatibility.121
    • STV-416: Similar to STV-410 but lacks Picatinny rails.121
    • Production Dates/Numbers: Production of older AKM types and upgrades is ongoing. The STV series entered production more recently (post-2019). Specific numbers are not provided.
    • Notes: Vietnam has a long history of using Kalashnikov-pattern weapons and has more recently moved towards producing modern derivatives like the Galil ACE-based STV series. Z111 Factory also produces the Galil ACE 31/32 under license.4

    4. Summary Table of Kalashnikov-Inspired Rifle Production by Country

    The following table summarizes the countries identified as producers of Kalashnikov-inspired rifle designs, along with key details for representative models. It is important to note that “Estimated Numbers Produced” are often broad estimates or refer to total production of all AK types by a specific factory or country, rather than individual models, unless specified. “N/A” indicates data was not available in the provided sources.

    CountryRepresentative Model(s)Caliber(s)Manufacturer(s)Production Dates (Period)Estimated Numbers ProducedNotes
    Soviet Union / RussiaAK-477.62x39mm M43Izhmash (Kalashnikov Concern), Tula Arms Plant1948–Present (family)~75 million (AK-47s), ~100 million (Kalashnikov family total) 3Original design, milled receiver initially.
    AKM7.62x39mm M43Izhmash, Tula Arms Plant1959–1977 (USSR)10,278,300 (Soviet production) 6Modernized, stamped receiver, widespread.
    AK-74 / AK-74M5.45x39mm M74Izhmash (Kalashnikov Concern), Tula Arms Plant1974–Present (AK-74M)5,000,000+ (AK-74) 10Smaller caliber, distinctive muzzle brake. AK-74M has folding stock, scope rail.
    AK-100 Series (e.g., AK-101, AK-103, AK-105)5.56x45mm, 7.62x39mm, 5.45x39mmKalashnikov Concern1994–PresentAK-103: 250,000+.18 AK-101: 270,500+ (may include others).16 Overall series numbers vary by source.Export-focused, polymer furniture, multi-caliber.
    AK-12 / AK-155.45x39mm, 7.62x39mmKalashnikov Concern2018–Present150,000+ (AK-12/15 combined by 2021) 245th Gen, improved ergonomics, Picatinny rails.
    AlbaniaASH-78 Tip-17.62x39mmKM Poliçan & Gramësh1978–1993100,000+ 27Copy of Chinese Type 56. Unique selector markings.
    ArgentinaFARA 835.56x45mm NATOFMAP-DM1984–1990 (limited)~1,193 (initial run) 33Inspired by Beretta AR70; Kalashnikov operating system lineage unconfirmed by sources.
    ArmeniaK-35.45x39mmNot Specifiedc. 1996Not SpecifiedBullpup design based on AKS-74U.
    AzerbaijanKhazri (AK-74M licensed)5.45x39mmMinistry of Defence Industry (MODIAR)2011–PresentPotential up to 120,000 (licensed production capacity) 37Licensed AK-74M for domestic use.
    BangladeshBD-087.62x39mmBangladesh Ordnance Factories (BOF)Not SpecifiedNot SpecifiedLikely Type 81 derivative (Type 81 uses distinct short-stroke piston).
    BulgariaAR-M15.56x45mm, 7.62x39mmArsenal AD1998–Present>1,000,000 (total Arsenal AK production) 15Modernized milled receiver AK, AK-74 features. Highly regarded.
    ChinaType 567.62x39mmNorinco, PolyTech, State Factory 661956–Present10,000,000+ 48AK-47 copy (milled then stamped receiver), often has spike bayonet.
    CroatiaAPS-955.56x45mm NATOKončar-Arma d.o.o1993/1995 – c. 2007Small quantities 51Based on Vektor R4 (Galil derivative), integrated optic.
    CubaAKM derivatives7.62x39mmUnión de Industrias Militares (UIM)Not SpecifiedNot SpecifiedLocal production details sparse.
    East GermanyMPi-KM7.62x39mmVEB GSW Wiesa, VEB Suhlc. 1966–1980s~3-4 million (total MPi series) 58AKM copy, distinctive plastic furniture.
    MPi-AK-74N5.45x39mmVEB GSW Wiesa, VEB Suhl1983–1990Part of total MPi series production.AK-74 copy.
    EgyptMisr / Maadi ARM7.62x39mmMaadi Company for Engineering Industries (Factory 54)From 1958 (AK types)Not SpecifiedAKM copy.
    EthiopiaEt-97/1 (AK-103 licensed)7.62x39mmGafat Armament Engineering Complex (GAEC)From 1986 (AK types), AK-103 ongoingNot SpecifiedLicensed AK-103 production.
    FinlandRK 62 (Valmet M62)7.62x39mmValmet, SAKO1965–1994350,000+ 68High-quality AK-47 derivative, milled receiver. Basis for Galil.
    HungaryAK-63 (AMM)7.62x39mmFegyver- és Gépgyár (FÉG)1977–2001~11,000 exported to C. America 72; 7,700 AK-63MF modernized.AKM copy with traditional furniture.
    AMD-657.62x39mmFegyver- és Gépgyár (FÉG)1965–1980“Tens of thousands” 73Shortened, folding stock, distinct foregrip.
    IndiaINSAS Rifle5.56x45mm NATOOrdnance Factories Board (OFB)1997–Present (Mass Prod.)Not Specified (700k replacements ordered for various rifles) 79AKM-based operating system, reliability issues noted.
    AK-2037.62x39mmIndo-Russia Rifles Pvt. Ltd. (IRRPL)Production starting/ongoing>600,000 planned (local prod.) + 70,000 imported 13Licensed modern Kalashnikov.
    IranKLS / KLF / KLT7.62x39mmDefense Industries Organization (DIO)Not SpecifiedNot SpecifiedAK-47/AKM/AKMS copies.
    IraqTabuk Assault Rifle7.62x39mmAl-Qadissiya Establishments1978–1990sNot SpecifiedClone of Zastava M70.
    Tabuk Sniper Rifle7.62x39mmAl-Qadissiya Establishments1978–PresentNot SpecifiedDMR based on Zastava M76 (AK-derived).
    IsraelIMI Galil ARM/AR/SAR5.56x45mm, 7.62x51mmIsrael Military Industries (IMI) / IWI1972–1998 (IMI)Not SpecifiedBased on Finnish RK 62. Highly regarded.
    IWI Galil ACEVarious (incl. 7.62x39mm)Israel Weapon Industries (IWI)2008–PresentNot SpecifiedModernized Galil.
    ItalyBernardelli VB-STD / VB-SR5.56x45mm NATO (likely)Vincenzo Bernardelli S.p.A.Not SpecifiedNot SpecifiedGalil derivative (licensed Galil production).
    NigeriaOBJ-0067.62x39mmDefence Industries Corp. of Nigeria (DICON)2006–PresentNot SpecifiedAK-47 copy.
    North KoreaType 587.62x39mmFactory 61/651958–1968~800,000 94AK-47 Type 3 copy (milled receiver).
    Type 687.62x39mmFactory 61/651968–PresentNot SpecifiedAKM copy (stamped receiver).
    PakistanPK-217.62x39mmPakistan Ordnance Factories (POF)Not SpecifiedNot SpecifiedUnlicensed AK-103 clone. Khyber Pass copies also prevalent (various makers).
    Polandkbk wz. 1988 Tantal5.45x39mmFB Radom (Łucznik)1989–1994~25,000 100AK-74 derivative with unique features.
    kbs wz. 1996 Beryl5.56x45mm NATOFB Radom (Łucznik)1997–PresentFactory capacity 70k rifles/yr (late 80s) 99Modern NATO-caliber rifle.
    RomaniaPM md. 637.62x39mmCugir Arms Factory1963–Present“Several million” (md. 63/65 total) 105; >400k for Romanian forces 107AKM copy, often with vertical foregrip.
    Serbia (Yugoslavia)Zastava M707.62x39mmZastava Arms1970–Present~4,000,000 (M70 family) 83Robust AKM derivative, RPK-style receiver, grenade sight.
    South AfricaVektor R45.56x45mm NATODenel Land Systems (LIW)1980–Present~420,000 109Licensed Galil variant, polymer furniture.
    SudanMAZ7.62x39mm (likely)Military Industry Corporation (MIC)Not SpecifiedNot SpecifiedBased on Chinese Type 56.
    TurkeySAR 15T / SAR 3087.62x39mm (likely for 15T)Sarsılmaz Silah Sanayi A.Ş.Not SpecifiedNot SpecifiedAK-47 clones. SAR 308 may be 7.62x51mm.
    UkraineVepr5.45x39mmState Space AgencyDesigned 1993-94, announced 2003Not SpecifiedBullpup AK-74.
    Malyuk5.45x39mm, 7.62x39mm, 5.56x45mmInterproinvest (IPI) / Krasyliv2017–Present (service)Not SpecifiedBullpup Kalashnikov derivative.
    United StatesVarious (e.g., PSAK-47, KR-103)Various (incl. 7.62x39mm, 5.56x45mm)Palmetto State Armory, Kalashnikov USA, Century ArmsOngoing commercialVaries by manufacturerSemi-auto civilian market versions.
    VenezuelaAK-103 (licensed)7.62x39mmCAVIMFrom 2012 (initial deliveries)Planned 25,000/year; actual output unclear due to delays 119Licensed Russian AK-103, production issues.
    VietnamSTV-380 / STV-2157.62x39mmZ111 Factoryc. 2019–PresentNot SpecifiedBased on Galil ACE design.

    Photo Sources

    Main photo of Mikhail Kalashnikov superimposed over a map with countries using or licensing firearms based on his designs highlighted was generated by Ronin’s Grips using Sora. It is release to the creative commons as long as blog.roningsgrips.com is cited as the source.

    The majority of photos were obtained from Wikimedia and Wikipedia and are unaltered. Links to their respective pages are included and they remain the copyright of their respective authors.

    Works cited

    1. AK-47 | Definition, History, Operation, & Facts – Britannica, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/technology/AK-47
    2. The AK-47: the world’s favourite killing machine – Amnesty International, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/act300112006en.pdf
    3. AK-47 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-47
    4. Kalashnikov rifle – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalashnikov_rifle
    5. File:AK-47-Rifle.svg – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AK-47-Rifle.svg
    6. AKM – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKM
    7. The AKM Assault Rifle | PDF | Personal Weapons – Scribd, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.scribd.com/document/137559756/The-AKM-Assault-Rifle
    8. AK Variants: A Closer Look – The Primary Source On PrimaryArms.com, accessed May 17, 2025, https://blog.primaryarms.com/guide/ak-variants-explored/
    9. File:AKM (rifle).jpg – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AKM_(rifle).jpg
    10. AK-74 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-74
    11. Guns in Movies, TV and Video Games – AK-74 – Internet Movie Firearms Database, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.imfdb.org/wiki/AK-74
    12. File:AK-74 RPK-74 DA-ST-89-06612.jpg – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AK-74_RPK-74_DA-ST-89-06612.jpg
    13. AK-100 (rifle family) – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-100_(rifle_family)
    14. AK-100 – Weapon Systems, accessed May 17, 2025, https://old.weaponsystems.net/weaponsystem/AA04%20-%20AK-100.html
    15. Kalashnikov & Variant Factory Dataset (1947-present) – Audrey Kurth Cronin, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.audreykurthcronin.com/p2p-pvid/p2p-pvid-kalashnikov/kalashnikov-variant-factory-dataset-1947-present/
    16. AK-101 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-101
    17. AK-102 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-102
    18. AK-103 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-103
    19. AK-103 assault rifle with GP-34 grenade launcher at Engineering Technologies 2012.jpg- Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AK-103_assault_rifle_with_GP-34_grenade_launcher_at_Engineering_Technologies_2012.jpg
    20. AK-104 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-104
    21. Category:AK-104 – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:AK-104
    22. AK-100 Series – Small Arms Survey, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/SAS-weapons-assault-rifles-AK-100-series.pdf
    23. AK-105 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-105
    24. AK-12 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-12
    25. Russia’s Modernized AK-12 Assault Rifles Are Being Delivered This Year, accessed May 17, 2025, https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/russias-modernized-ak-12-assault-rifles-are-being-delivered-this-year
    26. What Are the Different Types of AKs? – Guns.com, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.guns.com/news/what-are-ak-variants
    27. ASH-78 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASH-78
    28. Shotgun news, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.arsenal-bg.com/uploads/2016/06/583abffafca0f9dd4ae3c8ba685a074c.pdf
    29. ASH-78 – Customer Build, accessed May 17, 2025, https://akresources.childersguns.com/2024/03/ash-78-customer-build.html
    30. File:Ash-78.jpg – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ash-78.jpg
    31. Centrefire automatic rifle – ASH-82 (Kalashnikov AKM) – dated 1981 | Collection Object | Royal Armouries, accessed May 17, 2025, https://royalarmouries.org/collection/object/object-282536
    32. Centrefire automatic rifle – Automatiku SHqiptar – Model of 1982 (ASH-82) – 1986 | Collection Object | Royal Armouries, accessed May 17, 2025, https://royalarmouries.org/collection/object/object-282534
    33. FARA 83 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FARA_83
    34. Assault Rifles | PDF | Ammunition – Scribd, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.scribd.com/document/145375992/Assault-Rifles
    35. Argentine indigenous assault rifle design FARA-83 : r/ForgottenWeapons – Reddit, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/ForgottenWeapons/comments/19cn75i/argentine_indigenous_assault_rifle_design_fara83/
    36. Category:FARA 83 – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:FARA_83
    37. Azerbaijan PKM Production | thefirearmblog.com, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/azerbaijan-pkm-production-44818135
    38. Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Industry_of_Azerbaijan#Products
    39. File:Khazri 2.jpg – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Khazri_2.jpg
    40. Type 81 Assault Rifle – Wikipedia | PDF | History – Scribd, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.scribd.com/document/665459028/Type-81-assault-rifle-Wikipedia
    41. Type 81 assault rifle – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_81_assault_rifle
    42. AR-M1, accessed May 17, 2025, https://wikipedia.nucleos.com/viewer/wikipedia_en_all/A/AR-M1
    43. Arsenal AD – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_AD#Products
    44. AR-M1 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AR-M1
    45. What country produces the best variations of Ak. Personally I would say Poland, because the tantal, wbp, fox, and Beryl. What would you all say, and why. : r/ak47 – Reddit, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/ak47/comments/101jymx/what_country_produces_the_best_variations_of_ak/
    46. AR-M1 – Wikiwand, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/AR-M1
    47. Guns in Movies, TV and Video Games – AK-47 – Internet Movie Firearms Database, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.imfdb.org/wiki/AK-47
    48. Type 56 assault rifle – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_56_assault_rifle
    49. Type 56 assault rifles – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Type_56_assault_rifles
    50. The Chinese Type 81 Information | Total War Center, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.twcenter.net/threads/the-chinese-type-81-information.175527/
    51. APS-95 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APS-95
    52. List of assault rifles – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles
    53. Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Cuba#Infantry_weapons
    54. The Gun That Is in Almost 100 Countries: Why the AK-47 Dominates – The National Interest, accessed May 17, 2025, https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/75-million-guns-ready-war-why-the-ak-47-dominates-20561
    55. SAMOPAL vz. 58: A rifle that looks like an Soviet AK-47 but it is not – Combat Operators, accessed May 17, 2025, https://combatoperators.com/firearms/rifles/samopal-vz-58/
    56. Differences Between the VZ-58 and the AK – Firearms History, Technology & Development, accessed May 17, 2025, http://firearmshistory.blogspot.com/2015/01/differences-between-vz-58-and-ak.html
    57. vz. 58 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vz._58
    58. East German MPiKM assault rifle | Imperial War Museums, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30029525
    59. East German Wieger STG Rifle – Small Arms Review, accessed May 17, 2025, http://archive.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.printable.cfm?idarticles=1382
    60. East German AK History – Faktory 47, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.faktory47.com/blogs/kalashnikov/east-german-ak-history
    61. East German MPi-KM-72 (AKM) Operator’s Manual : r/milsurp – Reddit, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/milsurp/comments/11l19wp/east_german_mpikm72_akm_operators_manual/
    62. File:MPi-KM.jpg – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MPi-KM.jpg
    63. File:MPI-KMS-74.JPG – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MPI-KMS-74.JPG
    64. Hakim rifle – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_rifle
    65. Egyptian Maadi MISR S/A AKM 7.62×39 16″ Rifle AK-47 Romanian Dong, accessed May 17, 2025, https://lsbauctions.com/egyptian-maadi-misr-s-a-akm-7-62×39-16-rifle-ak-47-romanian-dong/
    66. File:Maadi Rifle.webp – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maadi_Rifle.webp
    67. Gafat Armament Engineering Complex – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gafat_Armament_Engineering_Complex
    68. AKs from Finland. Part 2: Valmet RK 62, Advanced AK Designed 62 Years Ago | thefirearmblog.com, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2024/04/18/aks-from-finland-part-2-valmet-rk-62-advanced-ak-designed-62-years-ago/
    69. RK 62 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RK_62
    70. IMI Galil: An Israel’s derivative of legendary AK-47 – Combat Operators, accessed May 17, 2025, https://combatoperators.com/firearms/rifles/imi-galil/
    71. Valmet M62 – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Valmet_M62
    72. AK-63 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-63
    73. AMD-65 – Weaponsystems.net, accessed May 17, 2025, https://weaponsystems.net/system/816-AMD-65
    74. Fegyver- és Gépgyár – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fegyver-_%C3%A9s_G%C3%A9pgy%C3%A1r
    75. Place: Hungary | Collection Term – Royal Armouries, accessed May 17, 2025, https://royalarmouries.org/collection/facet/place_made/creation/Hungary
    76. Category:AK-63 – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:AK-63
    77. Category:AMD 65 – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:AMD_65
    78. INSAS rifle – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSAS_rifle
    79. Why is the INSAS rifle considered to be so bad? : r/WarCollege – Reddit, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/WarCollege/comments/1knj4iv/why_is_the_insas_rifle_considered_to_be_so_bad/
    80. Identifying Small Arms and RPGs Produced in Iran, accessed May 17, 2025, https://irp.fas.org/world/iran/smallarms.pdf
    81. Defense Industries Organization – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization#Small_Arms
    82. List of equipment of the Iranian Army – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Iranian_Army
    83. Zastava M70 | Weaponsystems.net, accessed May 17, 2025, https://weaponsystems.net/system/376-Zastava+M70
    84. Tabuk Sniper Rifle – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk_Sniper_Rifle
    85. Galil (& close derivatives) – Small Arms Survey, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/SAS_weapons-assault-rifles-Galil.pdf
    86. IMI Galil – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMI_Galil
    87. IWI Galil ACE – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWI_Galil_ACE
    88. File:Bernardelli VB Practical 9mm (32795519385).jpg – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bernardelli_VB_Practical_9mm_(32795519385).jpg
    89. DICON Partners With Firm On Military Hardware Production – Voice of Nigeria, accessed May 17, 2025, https://von.gov.ng/dicon-partners-with-firm-on-military-hardware-production/
    90. Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Industries_Corporation_of_Nigeria
    91. Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Industries_Corporation_of_Nigeria#Products
    92. FB Beryl – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FB_Beryl
    93. Nigerian made weapons, a complete list – World Defense, accessed May 17, 2025, https://world-defense.com/threads/nigerian-made-weapons-a-complete-list.7541/
    94. Type 58 assault rifle – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_58_assault_rifle
    95. List of military equipment manufactured in Pakistan, accessed May 17, 2025, https://wikipedia.nucleos.com/viewer/wikipedia_en_all/A/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Pakistan
    96. Bayonets of Poland – WorldBayonets.com, accessed May 17, 2025, https://worldbayonets.com/Bayonet_Identification_Guide/Poland/Poland_2.html
    97. Polish Radom (11) AKM Barreled Action/Rifle w/ original Polish Chrome Lined Barrel & Polish Imported Receiver – Arms of America, accessed May 17, 2025, https://armsofamerica.com/polish-radom-11-akm-barreled-action-rifle-w-original-polish-chrome-lined-barrel-polish-imported-receiver/
    98. FB “Łucznik” Radom – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FB_%22%C5%81ucznik%22_Radom
    99. BERYL TANTALSSON: THE SAGA OF THE POLISH KALASHNIKOV CONTINUES, accessed May 17, 2025, https://smallarmsreview.com/beryl-tantalsson-the-saga-of-the-polish-kalashnikov-continues/
    100. FB Tantal – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FB_Tantal
    101. en.wikipedia.org, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FB_Radom
    102. Polish kbk AKM and AKMS rifles, 1991-2000. End of an era for the FB Radom AK Kalashnikov – YouTube, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRAXF6GmzLA
    103. Pistol Mitraliera model 1963 ( PM md. 63) AKM Variant – The Armoury, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.wargm.org/armoury/index.php?mode=2&cat=Fully+Automatic+and+Self+Loading+Rifles+and+Carbines&item=121
    104. Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_Mitralier%C4%83_model_1963/1965
    105. PM md. 63 – Weapon Systems, accessed May 17, 2025, https://old.weaponsystems.net/weaponsystem/AA04%20-%20PM%20md%2063.html
    106. Guns in Movies, TV and Video Games – PM md. 63 – Internet Movie Firearms Database, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.imfdb.org/wiki/PM_md._63
    107. PM md. 63 – Weaponsystems.net, accessed May 17, 2025, https://weaponsystems.net/system/489-PM+md.+63
    108. Zastava M70 assault rifle – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_M70_assault_rifle
    109. Vektor R4 – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektor_R4
    110. Military Industry Corporation – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Industry_Corporation_(Sudan)#Products_and_Services
    111. Category:Military of Sudan – Wikimedia Commons, accessed May 17, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_of_Sudan
    112. Sarsılmaz Silah, accessed May 17, 2025, https://sarsilmaz.com/public/uploads/1738761377en.pdf
    113. Sarsılmaz Arms – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sars%C4%B1lmaz_Arms
    114. Sarsılmaz Arms – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sars%C4%B1lmaz_Arms#Assault_Rifles
    115. Why Ukraine Special Ops Use This Bullpup. The Malyuk. – YouTube, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fD8W7Ps6Yj8&pp=0gcJCfcAhR29_xXO
    116. Vepr – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepr
    117. Malyuk – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malyuk
    118. AK Rifles – Century Arms, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.centuryarms.com/ak-rifles
    119. Kalashnikov Venezuela Plant to Start AK-103 Production by 2019 End – Defense Mirror, accessed May 17, 2025, https://www.defensemirror.com/news/22279/Kalashnikov_Venezuela_Plant_to_Start_AK_103_Production_by_2019_End
    120. CAVIM – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAVIM#Firearms
    121. STV rifle – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STV_rifle
    122. Z111 Factory – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z111_Factory#Products
    123. File:VD2022 STV380.jpg – Wikipedia, accessed May 17, 2025, https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VD2022_STV380.jpg

    If you find this post useful, please share the link on Facebook, with your friends, etc. Your support is much appreciated and if you have any feedback, please email me at in**@*********ps.com. Please note that for links to other websites, I may be paid via an affiliate program such as Avantlink, Impact, Amazon and eBay.


    Yugoslavia’s AK Path: Where Did the 2,000 Russian AK-47 Rifles Come From

    So far, we have covered the history of Yugoslavian and Soviet relations and then the two Albanian defectors and early Yugo AK development leading to the M64 but we glossed over an enduring mystery that deserves its own post. In this artice, we dive into the riddle of what third world nation Yugoslavia purchased 2,000 Soviet AK-47 rifles from to reverse engineer and why it had to be covert.

    A. The Core Question and Its Significance

    This report addresses the question of the identity of the “Third World nation” from which the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia secretly procured approximately 2,000 Soviet-designed AK-47 assault rifles in 1959. This transaction, a relatively obscure event in the annals of Cold War arms proliferation, was nonetheless of considerable importance for Yugoslavia’s military development. The acquisition of these rifles proved pivotal for Zastava Arms, Yugoslavia’s premier weapons manufacturer, in its ambitious endeavor to independently develop and produce a domestic version of the Kalashnikov rifle. This effort culminated in the Zastava M70, a weapon that would become a mainstay of the Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA) and a significant export item.1

    The clandestine nature of this purchase and the persistent anonymity of the supplier nation underscore the intricate geopolitical landscape of the late 1950s. Yugoslavia, under Marshal Josip Broz Tito, navigated a complex path of non-alignment, maintaining independence from both the NATO and Warsaw Pact blocs. This unique position influenced its foreign policy and its methods of military procurement, often necessitating unconventional approaches to acquire advanced weaponry.

    B. Methodology and Scope

    The analysis herein is based on an examination of available research materials, encompassing English, Russian, Serbian, and Arabic language sources. A central piece of evidence for this specific arms deal is C.J. Chivers’ comprehensive work, The Gun: The AK-47 and the Evolution of War.1 This report will critically assess the claim made by Chivers, situating it within the broader context of Soviet arms export policies of the era and Yugoslavia’s diplomatic and military relations. The objective is to evaluate the plausibility of potential candidate nations and, if the evidence permits, to identify the most likely intermediary.

    C. Unraveling the Layers of Secrecy

    The clandestine nature of the 1959 rifle purchase points towards a multi-faceted diplomatic maneuver. Yugoslavia, due to its political estrangement from the Soviet Union following the 1948 Tito-Stalin split, could not openly or directly procure sensitive military technology like the AK-47 from Moscow.1 The term “secret purchase” strongly implies a deliberate effort to bypass official channels and to shield the transaction from public scrutiny, particularly from Soviet intelligence. A “Third World nation” already receiving Soviet military aid would have had legitimate access to such weapons. This intermediary role could have offered benefits to all parties: the supplier nation might have gained financially or strengthened its diplomatic ties with Yugoslavia; Yugoslavia would secure the much-needed rifles for its reverse-engineering program. The Soviet Union itself might have tacitly approved such a transfer if it served a broader, albeit unstated, strategic objective, such as subtly bolstering a non-aligned nation’s defense capabilities against Western influence without direct Soviet commitment. Alternatively, the Soviets might have been unaware of, or unable to prevent, a relatively small diversion of arms.

    The specified quantity of “approximately 2,000” rifles is a critical detail. This number is substantial enough to provide a sufficient sample base for detailed reverse engineering, including disassembly, metallurgical analysis, live-fire testing, and comparison of components – a significant step up from the mere two rifles acquired earlier from Albanian defectors which proved insufficient.1 Simultaneously, a batch of 2,000 units is arguably small enough to have been diverted from a larger consignment of Soviet military aid, or siphoned from existing stockpiles within the recipient nation, without triggering immediate alarm or major geopolitical fallout. Soviet aid packages to favored client states, such as Egypt or Iraq, were often extensive.2 Diverting such a quantity, especially if oversight and record-keeping for every individual small arm were not meticulously stringent, would be more feasible and less likely to provoke a severe diplomatic crisis than, for example, the unauthorized transfer of tanks or combat aircraft.

    II. Yugoslavia’s Pursuit of the Kalashnikov: A Non-Aligned Nation’s Arms Dilemma

    A. The Political Context: Independence and Necessity

    Yugoslavia’s foreign policy under President Tito was characterized by a resolute commitment to independence and non-alignment. This stance meant a refusal to join the Warsaw Pact, leading to periods of significant political tension with the Soviet Union, particularly in the aftermath of the 1948 Informbiro period.1 While relations with Moscow experienced thaws and freezes, Yugoslavia could not depend on the Soviet Union for direct, licensed production of critical military hardware such as the AK-47 assault rifle.1 Consequently, the nation adopted a pragmatic approach to arms procurement, seeking weaponry and military technology from both Eastern and Western sources as opportunities arose.6 The inability to secure technical specifications for the AK-47 directly from the USSR compelled Zastava Arms, the national arsenal, to embark on the challenging path of reverse engineering.1

    B. Early Steps: The Albanian Defectors’ Rifles

    A significant, albeit insufficient, breakthrough occurred in 1959 when two Albanian soldiers defected to Yugoslavia, bringing with them their Soviet-manufactured AK-47s.1 These weapons were promptly handed over to Zastava engineers for detailed examination. While the engineers were able to create metal castings from these two samples, they quickly realized that this limited number of rifles did not provide enough technical data to fully understand the design intricacies, material specifications, or manufacturing processes required to reproduce the weapon or its components accurately.1 This initial encounter with the Kalashnikov highlighted the pressing need for a larger quantity of rifles to complete the reverse-engineering process successfully.

    C. The Imperative for More Samples: The Road to the Zastava M70

    The development of what would become the Zastava M70 assault rifle took place between 1962 and 1968, with the rifle officially entering service with the Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA) in 1970.1 The acquisition of a more substantial batch of AK-47s in late 1959 would have been a critical enabler for this development timeline, providing Zastava’s engineers with the necessary physical examples for comprehensive study and analysis. The Zastava M70 was ultimately an unlicensed derivative, closely based on the Soviet AK-47 Type 3 variant.1 The AK-47 Type 3, which featured a milled receiver, was produced by the Soviet Union from 1955 until 1959, when it began to be phased out in favor of the modernized, stamped-receiver AKM.8 This transition in Soviet production could have made surplus Type 3 models more readily available through third-party channels.

    Yugoslavia’s unique non-aligned status presented both challenges and opportunities. It constrained direct access to Soviet military technology but simultaneously allowed Belgrade to cultivate a wide network of relationships with numerous “Third World” nations, many of which were emerging from colonial rule or navigating their own paths between the Cold War blocs. Several of these nations became recipients of Soviet military assistance as Moscow sought to expand its global influence.2 Yugoslavia’s prominent role within the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), of which it was a founding member 4, provided a diplomatic framework that could facilitate discreet arms deals and technology transfers that would have been impossible through conventional East-West channels. This network of non-aligned partners became an invaluable asset for Yugoslavia’s unconventional procurement strategies.

    The sequence of events in 1959 – the arrival of the Albanian defectors’ rifles early in the year, the rapid assessment by Zastava that these were insufficient, and the subsequent “secret purchase” of approximately 2,000 additional AKs “by the end of the year” 1 – suggests a swift and opportunistic response by Yugoslav intelligence and arms procurement agencies. Once the limitations of the initial two samples became clear, an active search for more examples was likely initiated, leveraging existing diplomatic or intelligence contacts, or rapidly activating networks to locate and secure a larger quantity of the desired rifles. This was not a passive waiting game but a proactive effort to seize any available opportunity.

    III. The 1959 Transaction: Corroborating the “Secret Purchase”

    A. C.J. Chivers’ “The Gun” as the Primary Source

    The specific assertion that “by the end of the year , however, the Yugoslav government had obtained more early pattern AKs from an unidentified Third World nation that was receiving Soviet military aid” is directly attributed to C.J. Chivers’ book, The Gun, published in 2011, on pages 250-251.1 Chivers, a former Marine officer and Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, produced a work generally acclaimed for its meticulous research into the history of automatic weapons, with a particular focus on the Kalashnikov.12 His book meticulously documents the origins, global proliferation, and multifaceted impact of the AK-47 and its variants. The information provided indicates that this 1959 purchase was crucial, furnishing Zastava Arms with a sufficient number of AK-47s to “study and effectively reverse engineer the weapon type”.1

    B. Contextualizing the Purchase in Zastava’s M70 Development

    The timeline and technical details surrounding the development of the Zastava M70 lend credence to Chivers’ account. The Zastava M64, an early prototype that directly led to the M70, incorporated design features heavily based on the Soviet AK-47 Type 3, which utilized a milled receiver.1 Soviet production of the Type 3 AK-47 spanned from 1955 to 1959.8 This aligns perfectly with the claim that Yugoslavia acquired “early pattern AKs” in 1959, as these would likely have been Type 3 models. The successful reverse-engineering effort, facilitated by this larger batch of rifles, enabled Zastava to commence unlicensed production of its AK-47 derivative in 1964.1 This production start date is consistent with a 1959 acquisition followed by several years of intensive research, development, and tooling.

    The fact that the Soviet Union began to replace the AK-47 with the modernized AKM (Avtomat Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniy) in 1959 is also significant.8 The AKM featured a stamped sheet-metal receiver, making it lighter and cheaper to mass-produce than the milled-receiver AK-47 Type 3. This transition in Soviet small arms production could have rendered existing stocks of AK-47 Type 3s obsolescent in Soviet eyes, or at least less critical. Consequently, Soviet client states that had received Type 3s might have found it easier to re-transfer a portion of their inventory, perhaps in anticipation of receiving newer AKM models. Such a re-transfer, especially of older models, might have been viewed as less diplomatically sensitive by the Soviets or easier for the intermediary nation to justify. Thus, the “early pattern AKs” mentioned by Chivers were likely Type 3s, a plausible type of weapon to be involved in a clandestine deal of this nature at that specific time.

    The absence of other readily available public sources explicitly naming the “Third World nation” involved in this specific 1959 transaction is noteworthy. This suggests that C.J. Chivers may have had access to unique primary sources, such as declassified intelligence reports, internal Zastava documents, or interviews with individuals directly or indirectly involved, which are not yet in the public domain or widely known to other researchers. Alternatively, the details of this transaction may remain obscure precisely because of the success of the secrecy that originally enveloped it. The conclusions drawn in this report must, therefore, rely on interpreting Chivers’ historically credible claim within the broader framework of circumstantial evidence regarding Soviet arms recipients and Yugoslav foreign relations during this period.

    IV. Identifying Potential Supplier Nations: Soviet Arms in the “Third World”

    A. Overview of Soviet Military Aid and AK-47 Proliferation (Late 1950s)

    During the Cold War, the Soviet Union strategically employed military aid as a key instrument of its foreign policy, aiming to expand its influence, support ideologically aligned regimes, and counter Western power.10 The AK-47 assault rifle, renowned for its simplicity, reliability, and ruggedness, became a ubiquitous symbol of this policy. It was widely supplied to “developing countries,” nations espousing communist ideals, and various national liberation movements that Moscow sought to cultivate as allies or proxies.11 By the late 1950s, a significant number of “Third World” nations across the Middle East, Asia, and Africa had become recipients of Soviet military assistance, which often included consignments of AK-47s.2 The AK-47 (Type 3) was the standard Soviet rifle until the introduction of the AKM in 1959, meaning that AK-47s were already in circulation through Soviet supply lines to these recipient states prior to or during that year.8

    B. Egypt: A Prime Candidate

    • Soviet-Egyptian Arms Deals: Egypt, under Gamal Abdel Nasser, emerged as a major recipient of Soviet bloc weaponry following the landmark Egyptian-Czechoslovak arms deal announced in September 1955.25 This agreement, valued at over $83 million, effectively ended the Western monopoly on arms supplies to the Middle East and signaled a significant geopolitical shift.2 The 1955 deal explicitly included small arms and munitions.25 While the initial manifests detailed in the provided material do not itemize AK-47s specifically, subsequent Soviet military aid to Egypt was extensive and continuous. By 1966, the total value of Soviet military equipment extended to the United Arab Republic (UAR), of which Egypt was the dominant part, reached $1.16 billion, with approximately 90% of this aid reportedly delivered by that time.2 This substantial aid program commenced in 1955.2 Given the AK-47’s status as the standard Soviet infantry rifle during this period, it is highly probable that significant quantities were supplied to the Egyptian armed forces well before 1959. Russian sources confirm deliveries of various Soviet armaments to Egypt between 1955-1957, including tanks, artillery, and aircraft, though specific numbers for AK-47s are not provided in these particular texts.26 The AK-47 was indeed being developed into the AKM by 1959, implying its prior establishment.27
    • Yugoslav-Egyptian Relations: Relations between Yugoslavia and Egypt were exceptionally close during this period. Both countries were founding and influential members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), sharing a common vision of independence from superpower blocs.4 Diplomatic ties strengthened considerably following the 1948 Soviet-Yugoslav split and the 1952 Egyptian Revolution.4 The year 1959, the precise timeframe of the AK-47 purchase, was marked by high-level diplomatic exchanges: President Tito visited Egypt in February 1959, and President Nasser visited Yugoslavia in November 1959.29 Such frequent top-level interactions indicate a robust and trusting political relationship, conducive to arranging sensitive, clandestine transactions. Furthermore, there is a documented instance from 1954 where Egypt is believed to have supported Yugoslav efforts to arm Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) rebels by nominally purchasing Yugoslav-made weapons, which were then discreetly transferred to Algeria.4 This historical precedent suggests a pattern of cooperation in complex, covert arms movements involving both Egypt and Yugoslavia, making Egypt a very strong candidate.
    The first ever meeting between Josip Broz Tito and Gamal Abdel Nasser – onboard the Yugoslav ship Galeb in the Suez Canal (1955). (Photo from the Online Museum of Syrian History, Shared on Wikimedia.
    President Gamal Abdul Nasser and Yugoslavian President Josip Tito in Aleppo in 1959 / From left to right: United Arab Republic Vice President Akram al-Hawrani, the Aleppo industrialist Sami Saem al-Daher, director of Egyptian Intelligence Salah Nasr, President Josip Tito, his wife Jovanka Broz, President Gamal Abdul Nasser. The photo was taken in the home of Sami Saeb al-Daher, who was nationalized by President Nasser and left in bankrupcy in 1960 (Photo from the Online Museum of Syrian History, Shared on Wikimedia.

    C. Iraq: A Plausible Alternative

    • Soviet-Iraqi Arms Deals: Iraq emerged as another significant recipient of Soviet military assistance following the 14 July Revolution in 1958, which overthrew the Hashemite monarchy and established a republic under Abd al-Karim Qasim.30 The new Iraqi regime quickly pivoted away from Western alliances and sought closer ties with the Soviet bloc and non-aligned nations. In February 1959, the Soviet Union extended a substantial loan of $137.5 million to Iraq for economic and technical development, which likely included provisions for military hardware.32 The USSR became a major arms supplier to Iraq commencing in 1958.3 While specific quantities of AK-47s delivered to Iraq between 1958 and 1959 are not detailed in the available materials, it is highly probable that these rifles formed part of the initial arms packages supplied to the new revolutionary government. Later Iraqi consideration of replacing Kalashnikovs with M16s implies prior widespread adoption of the Soviet rifle.33
    • Yugoslav-Iraqi Relations: Diplomatic relations between Yugoslavia and Iraq were formally established in 1958, in the immediate aftermath of the Iraqi revolution.30 Crucially, a Trade and Cooperation Agreement between Yugoslavia and Iraq was signed and came into force on February 19, 1959.30 This development aligns perfectly with the timeframe of the secret AK-47 purchase later that year. Yugoslavia would go on to become a major arms exporter to Iraq, particularly during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s 30, indicating the foundation of a long-standing military-technical relationship that may have had its early, discreet origins in transactions like the one in question. The new Iraqi regime, eager to assert its independence and forge new international partnerships, might have been willing to facilitate such a transfer to Yugoslavia to build goodwill, for financial considerations, or as part of its broader realignment.

    D. Other “Third World” Recipients (Brief Assessment)

    • Syria: Syria had been a recipient of Soviet military aid since the early 1950s.34 However, early arms supplies from other Eastern Bloc countries like East Germany sometimes consisted of WWII surplus before transitioning to more modern Soviet-pattern weapons like the AK-47, typically in later periods (e.g., post-1967 for significant AK-47s from GDR).34 While direct Soviet supply lines to Syria for AK-47s would have existed by 1959, the available information does not highlight the same degree of intimate political alignment or specific diplomatic activity with Yugoslavia in 1959 that is evident with Egypt or the nascent relationship with Iraq.
    • Indonesia: Indonesia began receiving Soviet arms, with initial deliveries noted in 1958 (such as GAZ-69 military vehicles).35 The extent to which AK-47s were delivered and available in sufficient quantity for a 2,000-unit re-transfer by late 1959 is not clearly established by the provided sources.
    • India: India started to receive Soviet military technology and arms, including licenses for local manufacture, primarily in the 1960s, although some foundational agreements may have been laid earlier.22 The timeline for substantial AK-47 deliveries to India that could have been re-transferred by 1959 appears less probable compared to Middle Eastern recipients.
    • Cuba: The Cuban Revolution, led by Fidel Castro, triumphed in January 1959. Significant Soviet military assistance to Cuba commenced in the early 1960s, notably escalating around the time of the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis.36 It is therefore highly unlikely that Cuba would have been in a position to act as a supplier of Soviet-made AK-47s to Yugoslavia in 1959.
    • African Nations (e.g., Angola, Ethiopia, Mozambique): While the Soviet Union did provide arms to various African states and liberation movements 37, the large-scale proliferation of AK-47s to these specific sub-Saharan African nations is generally associated with independence struggles and post-colonial conflicts of the 1960s and 1970s, rather than a 1959 timeframe for re-export.

    The political ideologies and strategic alignments of these potential Third World suppliers are crucial factors. A nation deeply enmeshed within the Soviet ideological sphere might have been less inclined to engage in an unauthorized or clandestine re-transfer of Soviet-supplied arms. However, many “Third World” recipients of Soviet aid, while benefiting from Moscow’s support, pursued their own distinct national interests. Egypt under Nasser, for instance, adeptly navigated the Cold War currents, leveraging relations with both East and West to its advantage.25 Such a nation, particularly one like Egypt that shared leadership with Yugoslavia in the Non-Aligned Movement, might have viewed a discreet arms deal as a means of strengthening its own non-aligned credentials, assisting a fellow NAM state, or gaining diplomatic or economic leverage, even if it involved Soviet-origin weaponry. Iraq, with its new revolutionary government, was in a phase of actively seeking new international partnerships and asserting its autonomy, which could have provided a motive for such a transaction.

    Furthermore, a secret arms purchase of this nature would necessitate a degree of trust and established communication channels. Yugoslavia, as a key architect and proponent of the Non-Aligned Movement, actively cultivated diplomatic, economic, and intelligence relationships with a wide array of nations within this group.4 This favors nations with which Yugoslavia had demonstrably active and positive diplomatic interactions in or before 1959, such as Egypt, and the rapidly developing ties with post-revolution Iraq.

    Table 1: Assessment of Potential “Third World” Nations for the 1959 AK-47 Transfer to Yugoslavia

    Candidate NationRecipient of Soviet Military Aid (incl. AK-47s) by 1959? (Evidence & Likelihood)Nature & Strength of Yugoslav Relations by 1959 (Political, Diplomatic, Military)Specific Chronological Markers Supporting/Contradicting 1959 TransferPlausibility as the “Unnamed Nation”Key Supporting Snippets
    EgyptYes. Major recipient since 1955. Highly likely to possess AK-47s in quantity.Very Strong. Founding NAM members, frequent high-level visits (Tito Feb ’59, Nasser Nov ’59). Precedent of arms facilitation.Supports: Close ties in 1959. Soviet arms flow well established.High & Most Likely2
    IraqYes. Recipient since 1958 revolution. Likely included AK-47s in early packages.Developing. Diplomatic relations established 1958. Trade/Cooperation agreement effective Feb 1959.Supports: New regime seeking partners. Trade agreement in place.High, but second to Egypt3
    SyriaYes. Recipient since early 1950s.Moderate. Established relations, but less intimacy highlighted for 1959 specifically compared to Egypt/Iraq.Possible, but less direct evidence of specific 1959 impetus.Medium34
    IndonesiaYes. Initial Soviet arms deliveries in 1958.Moderate.Less clear if AK-47s available in sufficient quantity for re-transfer by late 1959.Low-Medium35

    V. The “Unnamed Nation”: Deciphering the Secrecy

    A. Motivations for Anonymity

    The enduring anonymity of the supplier nation in most historical accounts points to a convergence of interests in maintaining secrecy:

    • Yugoslavia’s Perspective: For Yugoslavia, discretion was paramount. The country meticulously maintained a delicate geopolitical equilibrium between the Eastern and Western blocs. Openly acknowledging a clandestine arms deal involving Soviet-origin weapons, even if acquired through a third party, could have unnecessarily strained its already complex relationship with the USSR. It might also have compromised its carefully cultivated image as a genuinely non-aligned nation, potentially inviting suspicion or pressure from either superpower.
    • The Supplier Nation’s Perspective: The intermediary country would have had strong reasons to ensure the transaction remained covert. Re-transferring military aid, particularly weapons as significant as assault rifles, without the explicit consent or knowledge of the original supplier (the Soviet Union) could have invited serious repercussions. These could range from a curtailment of future Soviet aid to diplomatic censure or other punitive measures. Protecting its own ongoing diplomatic and trade relationships with both the USSR and Yugoslavia, as well as other international actors, would have been a key concern.
    • Soviet Perspective (if aware or subsequently discovered): Even if Soviet intelligence became aware of the transfer, Moscow might have preferred the matter to remain quiet. If the USSR tacitly approved the deal for its own strategic reasons – for instance, to subtly aid Yugoslavia’s independent defense posture without direct involvement, thereby keeping it from leaning too heavily towards the West – publicity would be counterproductive. Conversely, if the transfer occurred without Soviet knowledge or approval, publicizing it would reveal a potentially embarrassing lack of control over its arms exports and the actions of its client states.

    B. Weighing the Evidence: Egypt vs. Iraq

    When comparing the two strongest candidates, Egypt and Iraq, both present compelling arguments:

    • Arguments for Egypt:
    • By 1959, Egypt had a well-established, deep, and multifaceted relationship with Yugoslavia. This included close personal ties between President Nasser and President Tito, shared leadership in the Non-Aligned Movement, and frequent high-level diplomatic consultations, including visits by both leaders to each other’s countries in 1959.4 Such a strong foundation of trust and mutual understanding would be highly conducive to arranging a secret arms transfer.
    • Egypt was a very significant recipient of Soviet arms from 1955 onwards and would have possessed substantial stocks of AK-47s by 1959.2
    • The precedent of Egypt reportedly facilitating the transfer of Yugoslav arms to Algerian rebels in 1954 demonstrates a historical willingness and capability to engage in complex, discreet arms movements in cooperation with Yugoslavia.4
    • Arguments for Iraq:
    • Iraq’s relationship with Yugoslavia was newer but developing rapidly in the crucial 1958-1959 period. The establishment of diplomatic relations in 1958 was quickly followed by a Trade and Cooperation Agreement that came into force in February 1959.30 This formal framework for interaction was in place at the time of the AK-47 deal.
    • Following its 1958 revolution, Iraq became a recipient of Soviet arms and was actively seeking to diversify its international partnerships beyond its former Western patrons.3 A deal with a prominent non-aligned country like Yugoslavia would fit this new foreign policy orientation.
    • The new revolutionary government in Baghdad might have been motivated by political solidarity, financial gain, or a desire to quickly establish Iraq as an independent actor on the regional stage.

    While both nations are strong candidates, Egypt appears to hold a slight edge. The depth and maturity of its political relationship with Yugoslavia by 1959, coupled with the precedent for cooperation in sensitive arms transfers, make it a particularly compelling possibility. However, the confluence of Iraq’s recent political transformation, its immediate embrace of Soviet military aid, and the formalization of ties with Yugoslavia in early 1959 make it an almost equally plausible source. The critical factors are the combination of access to Soviet-supplied AK-47s and a motive or willingness to transfer approximately 2,000 of them to Yugoslavia under conditions of secrecy.

    Logistical considerations, though not detailed in the available materials, would also have played a role. The transfer of 2,000 rifles and their ammunition is not a trivial undertaking. Both Egypt and Iraq, being Middle Eastern nations, share maritime proximity with Yugoslavia via the Mediterranean Sea. Existing trade routes (e.g., Yugoslav timber for Egyptian cotton mentioned in 4, or the general trade agreement with Iraq 30) could have provided cover for such shipments, perhaps disguised as other goods or moved through less scrutinized channels.

    C. Limitations of the Provided Material

    It is crucial to acknowledge that the available research documentation, while extensive, does not contain a definitive, explicit statement from an undeniable primary source (such as a declassified Yugoslav, Soviet, Egyptian, or Iraqi government document or a direct admission from a key participant) that unequivocally names the country involved in this specific 1959 AK-47 transfer to Yugoslavia. The identification process relies heavily on interpreting C.J. Chivers’ well-regarded but singular claim regarding this transaction, and then constructing a circumstantial case based on the known patterns of Soviet arms supplies and Yugoslav foreign relations during the specified period.

    The successful execution of this secret purchase likely had a reinforcing effect on Yugoslavia’s broader strategy of acquiring foreign military technology through various means, including reverse engineering. It would have demonstrated the feasibility of such clandestine operations and underscored the value of cultivating diverse international relationships to achieve strategic defense objectives, ultimately contributing to the growth and capabilities of its significant domestic arms industry.6

    VI. Conclusion: Assessing the Probabilities and the Lingering Mystery

    A. Summary of Findings

    The evidence strongly supports the claim, primarily advanced by C.J. Chivers, that in late 1959, Yugoslavia secretly purchased approximately 2,000 “early pattern” Soviet AK-47 assault rifles from an unnamed “Third World nation” that was itself a recipient of Soviet military aid.1 This acquisition was a critical step for Zastava Arms, providing the necessary physical examples to successfully reverse-engineer the Kalashnikov design, leading directly to the development and subsequent mass production of the Zastava M70 assault rifle, a cornerstone of Yugoslav military armament.

    B. The Most Plausible Candidate(s)

    Based on a comprehensive analysis of Soviet arms distribution patterns in the late 1950s, Yugoslav foreign relations, and specific chronological markers, Egypt emerges as the most plausible candidate for the role of the unnamed intermediary.

    Key factors supporting this assessment include:

    • Its status as a major recipient of Soviet weaponry, including AK-47s, by 1959.2
    • The exceptionally close political and diplomatic ties between Yugoslavia and Egypt, exemplified by their joint leadership in the Non-Aligned Movement and reciprocal presidential visits in 1959.4
    • A documented precedent of Egypt facilitating complex arms transfers involving Yugoslavia.4

    Iraq stands as another strong contender. The 1958 revolution brought a new regime to power that rapidly sought Soviet military assistance and established diplomatic and trade relations with Yugoslavia in early 1959, making the timeline and political context feasible for such a transaction.3 The new Iraqi government may have seen this as an opportunity to solidify new alliances or gain other advantages.

    Without more explicit, declassified documentary evidence directly naming the nation in the context of this specific 1959 AK-47 transaction, a definitive identification remains an educated deduction based on the available circumstantial evidence rather than an absolute certainty.

    C. The Enduring Nature of the “Unnamed” Nation

    The continued anonymity of the supplier nation in most historical accounts, with Chivers’ work being a notable exception in detailing the event itself, underscores the initial success of the secrecy surrounding the deal. This secrecy was vital for all parties involved: Yugoslavia needed to protect its non-aligned stance and its complex relationship with the USSR; the supplier nation needed to avoid Soviet repercussions for re-transferring arms; and the USSR itself may have preferred the transaction to remain unpublicized. This episode highlights the intricate and often opaque nature of Cold War diplomacy, where non-aligned nations frequently resorted to clandestine means to achieve their strategic security objectives while navigating the treacherous currents between the superpowers.

    D. Implications for Yugoslav Arms Self-Sufficiency

    This successful, albeit covert, acquisition of a significant quantity of AK-47s was a landmark achievement for Yugoslavia’s burgeoning defense industry. It directly enabled Zastava Arms to overcome the hurdles of reverse engineering and eventually mass-produce the Zastava M70. This rifle not only equipped the Yugoslav People’s Army but also became a notable export product, reflecting Yugoslavia’s determined pursuit of military self-reliance and its capacity for indigenous arms development.1

    The very fact that this inquiry is prompted by a specific passage in a relatively recent historical work (Chivers’ The Gun, published in 2011) suggests that this particular detail of Cold War arms proliferation may still be emerging from historical obscurity. The Cold War was characterized by extensive secrecy, and archives from that period are continually being declassified and re-examined by historians. It is plausible that the “unnamed” status of the intermediary nation persists simply because the specific documents, testimonies, or archival records that could provide definitive confirmation have not yet entered the public domain or been widely analyzed. Future archival research in Yugoslav (now Serbian and other successor states’), Russian, Egyptian, Iraqi, or other relevant national archives could one day yield a conclusive answer.

    Ultimately, the story of Yugoslavia’s 1959 secret AK-47 purchase serves as a compelling microcosm of the broader phenomenon of Kalashnikov proliferation. It illustrates that the global spread of this iconic weapon was not solely due to direct state-to-state transfers from the Soviet Union or licensed production by its allies. Secondary and tertiary movements of these arms, through various overt and covert channels and involving a diverse range of state and non-state actors, played a crucial role in the AK-47 achieving its unparalleled global ubiquity.10 This particular transaction demonstrates the resourcefulness of a non-aligned state in securing vital defense technology and the complex, often hidden, networks that facilitated the movement of arms during the Cold War.

    Author’s Comment

    This question intrigued me because Yugoslavia needed more AK-47 Type III samples to reverse engineer their milled M70s. To investigate this question, I ran a number of searches and scenarios and it is my opinion based on what I found that the most likely country was Egypt with Iraq being a less likely second. To be clear, I can’t guarantee it, but the odds favor Egypt given the factors indentified. I was once told that “It’s surprising how little history we really know” and this is an example of an event in recent history where we may never know the details.


    Image Sources

    The map of the Middle East in 1959 was generated by the author using Sora. The intent was to mainly show Egypt, Saudia Arabia, Iraq and Iran to give some geographical context.

    Russian AK-47 Type III (Photo by Gunrunner123 shared on Wikimedia)

    The first ever meeting between Josip Broz Tito and Gamal Abdel Nasser – onboard the Yugoslav ship Galeb in the Suez Canal (1955). (Photo from the Online Museum of Syrian History, Shared on Wikimedia.

    President Gamal Abdul Nasser and Yugoslavian President Josip Tito in Aleppo in 1959 / From left to right: United Arab Republic Vice President Akram al-Hawrani, the Aleppo industrialist Sami Saem al-Daher, director of Egyptian Intelligence Salah Nasr, President Josip Tito, his wife Jovanka Broz, President Gamal Abdul Nasser. The photo was taken in the home of Sami Saeb al-Daher, who was nationalized by President Nasser and left in bankrupcy in 1960 (Photo from the Online Museum of Syrian History, Shared on Wikimedia.


    Works cited

    1. Zastava M70 assault rifle – Wikipedia, accessed May 11, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_M70_assault_rifle
    2. SOVIET MILITARY AID TO THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC, 1955-66 (RR IR 67-9) – CIA, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000496350.pdf
    3. Russia Reemerging as Weapons Supplier to Iraq – The Jamestown Foundation, accessed May 11, 2025, https://jamestown.org/program/russia-reemerging-weapons-supplier-iraq/
    4. Egypt–Yugoslavia relations – Wikipedia, accessed May 11, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations
    5. Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement – Wikipedia, accessed May 11, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement
    6. 60. Interdepartment Policy Paper Prepared by the Departments of State and Defense, Washington, undated. (7/5/73), accessed May 11, 2025, https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e15/107794.htm
    7. YUGOSLAV MILITARY EQUIPMENT AND ITS SOURCES – CIA, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00429A001100010022-0.pdf
    8. Guns in Movies, TV and Video Games – AK-47 – Internet Movie Firearms Database, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.imfdb.org/wiki/AK-47
    9. AK-47 | Definition, History, Operation, & Facts – Britannica, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/technology/AK-47
    10. www.macalester.edu, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.macalester.edu/russian-studies/about/resources/miscellany/ak47/#:~:text=Recognizing%20its%20demand%20in%20developing,being%20sold%20exclusively%20to%20governments.
    11. AK 47 – Russian Studies – Macalester College, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.macalester.edu/russian-studies/about/resources/miscellany/ak47/
    12. The Gun (Chivers book) – Wikipedia, accessed May 11, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gun_(Chivers_book)
    13. The Gun by C.J. Chivers | Goodreads, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7775851-the-gun
    14. The Gun – CJ Chivers – Amazon.com, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.amazon.com/Gun-C-J-Chivers/dp/0743270762
    15. The Gun By C.j. Chivers Summary PDF – Bookey, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.bookey.app/book/the-gun-by-c-j-chivers
    16. The Gun | Book by C. J. Chivers | Official Publisher Page – Simon & Schuster, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Gun/C-J-Chivers/9780743271738
    17. THE GUN – Kirkus Reviews, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/cj-chivers/the-gun/
    18. AK-47 History – C.J. Chivers The Gun Excerpt – Esquire, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a25677/ak-47-history-1110/
    19. ОРУЖИЕ ДЛЯ ПРОФИ – Українська Спілка ветеранів Афганістану (воїнів-інтернаціоналістів), accessed May 11, 2025, http://www.usva.org.ua/mambo3/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=337
    20. AKM – Wikipedia, accessed May 11, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKM
    21. How did the Middle East get a hold of Russian firearms like the AK-47 and RPG-7? – Quora, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.quora.com/How-did-the-Middle-East-get-a-hold-of-Russian-firearms-like-the-AK-47-and-RPG-7
    22. The Avtomat Kalashnikov Model of Year 1947 – Sites at Penn State, accessed May 11, 2025, https://sites.psu.edu/jlia/the-avtomat-kalashnikov-model-of-year-1947/
    23. Methodology: Kalashnikov & Variant Factory Dataset (1947-present) – Audrey Kurth Cronin, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.audreykurthcronin.com/p2p-pvid/p2p-pvid-kalashnikov/kalashnikov-variant-factory-dataset-1947-present/methodology-kalashnikov-variant-factory-dataset-1947-present/
    24. األسلحة الصغيرة – Small Arms Survey, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/SAS-HB-06-Weapons-ID-ch3-ARA.pdf
    25. Egyptian–Czechoslovak arms deal – Wikipedia, accessed May 11, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_arms_deal
    26. Группа советских военных специалистов в Египте – Википедия, accessed May 11, 2025, https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5
    27. شاهد بالصور والفيديو: بعد وفاة مصممه “اليوم” ما هو سلاح الكلاشنكوف ومن هو ميخائيل كلاشنكوف القائل: “أنا لا اقتل ولكن يقتل من يضغط زنادي” – دنيا الوطن, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2013/12/23/476461.html
    28. Odnosi Jugoslavije i Egipta — Википедија, accessed May 11, 2025, https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0
    29. العلاقات المصرية اليوغوسلافية – ويكيبيديا, accessed May 11, 2025, https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9
    30. Iraq–Yugoslavia relations – Wikipedia, accessed May 11, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations
    31. العلاقات العراقية اليوغوسلافية – ويكيبيديا, accessed May 11, 2025, https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9
    32. Революция в Ираке 1958 г. И изменение ситуации на Ближнем Востоке – КиберЛенинка, accessed May 11, 2025, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/revolyutsiya-v-irake-1958-g-i-izmenenie-situatsii-na-blizhnem-vostoke
    33. القوة البرية العراقية – ويكيبيديا, accessed May 11, 2025, https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9
    34. Syrian Civil War: WWII weapons used – wwiiafterwwii – WordPress.com, accessed May 11, 2025, https://wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com/2017/06/27/syrian-civil-war-wwii-weapons-used/
    35. Russia’s arms exports to Indonesia top USD 2.5 billion over 25 years – Army Recognition, accessed May 11, 2025, https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/army-news-2018/russia-s-arms-exports-to-indonesia-top-usd-2-5-billion-over-25-years
    36. THE SOVIET-CUBAN CONNECTION IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN – CIA, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88B00745R000100140026-6.pdf
    37. Soviet Arms Transfers to Sub-Saharan Africa: What are they Worth in the United Nations? – DTIC, accessed May 11, 2025, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA212065.pdf
    38. YUGOSLAVIA, MIDDLE EAST AND CREATION OF THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT Текст научной статьи по специальности – КиберЛенинка, accessed May 11, 2025, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/yugoslavia-middle-east-and-creation-of-the-non-aligned-movement
    39. The World’s Most Popular Gun – The New Atlantis, accessed May 11, 2025, https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-worlds-most-popular-gun