The modern consumer of firearms optics is presented with a seemingly vast and diverse marketplace. Dozens of brands, from household names with a century of history to agile newcomers, compete for market share across every price point. This proliferation of choice, however, is largely an illusion. Beneath the surface of distinct branding, marketing campaigns, and proprietary reticle designs lies a highly consolidated global manufacturing base. A surprisingly small number of specialized factories, primarily located in Japan, China, and the Philippines, are the true engines of the industry, producing optics for a multitude of brands that are often perceived as direct competitors. This report pierces the corporate veil to identify and analyze the top 25 true manufacturers that underpin the global firearms optics market.

The Brand vs. The Factory

Understanding the structure of this industry requires a clear distinction between a brand and a manufacturer. The brand is the consumer-facing entity responsible for product conception, design, marketing, distribution, and, crucially, warranty and customer service. The manufacturer is the entity that operates the factories, machines the components, grinds the lenses, and assembles the final product. The relationship between these two is most often defined by one of two models:

• Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM): In this model, a brand contracts a manufacturer to produce a product or component based on the brand’s specific design and quality standards. The brand owns the intellectual property, while the manufacturer provides the production capability. This is the most common model in the optics industry.¹
• Original Design Manufacturer (ODM): In this model, a manufacturer designs and produces a product that is then purchased and re-branded by other companies. The manufacturer owns the core design, which may be slightly modified for different clients. This allows brands to bring products to market quickly with minimal research and development investment.²

Many of the most successful companies in the industry are not vertically integrated manufacturers but are instead highly skilled brand integrators, leveraging a global network of OEM/ODM partners to build their product lines.

The Global Tiered Supply Chain

The global optics supply chain is not flat; it is a distinct hierarchy based on historical expertise, technological capability, and labor costs. This tiered structure is the single most important factor in determining the quality, performance, and price of a given optic.

• Tier 1 (Premium): Japan and Germany are the undisputed leaders in high-end optical manufacturing. Decades, and in some cases over a century, of experience in precision mechanics and lens grinding have given these nations an unparalleled reputation for quality.⁵ Products originating from these countries command the highest prices and are typically found in the flagship lines of premium brands.
• Tier 2 (Mid-Range/High-Value): The Philippines has emerged as a critical hub for the assembly of mid-tier optics. Factories in this region, often established or managed by Japanese parent companies, combine skilled, cost-effective labor with rigorous, Japanese-instilled quality control processes. This allows brands to offer products with excellent performance-to-price ratios.⁵
• Tier 3 (Volume/Value): China is the dominant force in volume manufacturing. Chinese factories produce the vast majority of entry-level and budget-friendly optics on the market.⁵ Over the past decade, however, select Chinese manufacturers have invested heavily in R&D and advanced manufacturing, allowing them to produce technologically sophisticated optics that now compete directly with mid- and even high-tier products from other nations.¹⁰
• Design & Assembly Hubs: The United States and Austria are home to some of the industry’s most iconic brands. These companies are often masters of design, engineering, marketing, and final assembly. While they may operate significant domestic facilities for machining and assembly of their premium lines, they also strategically leverage the global tiered supply chain, sourcing components or entire product lines from Japan, the Philippines, and China to build out a comprehensive catalog that addresses multiple market segments.¹¹

Methodology and Ranking Explanation

This analysis is the result of a comprehensive review of direct company statements, corporate filings, credible industry journalism, and an examination of the supply chain relationships between brands and their manufacturing partners. The ranking of the top 25 manufacturers is not based on a single metric like revenue or unit volume, but on a holistic assessment of their overall influence and position within the global optics ecosystem. The key factors considered in this ranking are:

1. Market Influence and OEM/ODM Network: A manufacturer’s significance is heavily weighted by the number and prominence of the brands it produces for. A single factory supplying core components or finished products for multiple major, competing brands (e.g., Huanic, Light Optical Works) holds immense influence over the market.
2. Technological Capability and Quality Tier: Manufacturers are stratified based on their position in the global quality hierarchy. The elite, vertically integrated houses of Germany and Austria and the high-end OEM foundries of Japan occupy the top ranks due to their unparalleled optical and mechanical quality. They are followed by the high-value assembly hubs in the Philippines and the increasingly sophisticated, high-volume factories in China.
3. Vertical Integration and Brand Strength: Companies that are both powerful brands and vertically integrated manufacturers (e.g., Swarovski, Schmidt & Bender, Zeiss) are ranked highly due to their complete control over their product, from design to final quality assurance. Similarly, American “brand integrators” (e.g., Leupold, Trijicon) are ranked based on the strength of their brand, their in-house assembly and QC capabilities, and the sophistication of their global supply chain management.
4. Scale of Production: While not the sole factor, the sheer volume of optics produced is a significant consideration. Manufacturers that dominate the high-volume segments of the market have a profound impact on the industry’s overall landscape.

By cross-referencing product origins with the known capabilities of specific factories, it is possible to map the network of OEM/ODM relationships that defines the modern optics market. The following sections profile the 25 most significant manufacturing entities—some of whom are famous brands, others silent giants—that truly build the world’s firearms optics.

Section 2: The European Masters: Vertically Integrated Precision

In contrast to the OEM-dominated landscape of Asia, the elite European manufacturers operate on a different model. These companies are primarily vertically integrated brand-manufacturers, controlling nearly every aspect of their product’s creation, from initial optical calculations and mechanical design to final assembly and testing. They are not suppliers to other brands; they are the benchmark against which other brands are measured.

2.1. Manufacturer Profile: Schmidt & Bender GmbH & Co. KG

• Core Data: Founded in 1957 by Helmut Schmidt and Helmut Bender, the company remains a family-owned enterprise headquartered in Biebertal, Germany.⁶
• Capabilities & Global Footprint: Schmidt & Bender (S&B) is synonymous with uncompromising quality in the tactical and high-end hunting scope market. The company operates two primary production facilities. The main factory in Biebertal, Germany, handles the production of their most advanced lines, such as the Police Marksman (PM II) and Zenith series.⁶ In 1992, S&B acquired the Hungarian Optical Works (MOM) in Budapest, establishing Schmidt & Bender Hungaria Optik.⁶ This Hungarian facility is not a lower-cost alternative but an integral part of their high-quality production chain; it manufactures many of the precision optical components used across all S&B products and is responsible for the complete assembly of the “Klassik” series of hunting scopes.⁶
• The OEM Web: S&B does not function as a conventional OEM, producing private-label scopes for other consumer brands. Instead, their OEM business is focused on being the chosen optics supplier for elite military and law enforcement units and premier firearm manufacturers. High-end rifle makers such as Accuracy International, Brügger & Thomet, and Heckler & Koch either factory-equip their sniper systems with S&B scopes or officially recommend them as the preferred sighting solution, effectively making S&B an OEM partner at the highest tier of the defense industry.¹⁶

2.2. Manufacturer Profile: Swarovski Optik

• Core Data: Founded in 1949 in Absam, Tyrol, Austria, Swarovski Optik is a division of the world-famous Swarovski crystal group.¹³
• Capabilities & Corporate Structure: Swarovski Optik is a quintessential example of vertically integrated European manufacturing. The company prides itself on the fact that the vast majority of its research, development, and manufacturing processes take place in-house at its state-of-the-art facility in Absam, Austria.¹³ This allows for meticulous control over every stage of production, from lens coating to final assembly. In 1974, Swarovski further solidified its position in the European optics hierarchy by acquiring KAHLES, one of the oldest and most respected riflescope manufacturers in the world.¹³
• The OEM Web: Similar to Schmidt & Bender, Swarovski Optik does not operate as an OEM for other consumer brands. They are a self-contained entity focused exclusively on producing products under the Swarovski and Kahles brand names. Their business model is predicated on maintaining an image of exclusivity and superior in-house quality. The only notable deviation from a purely Austrian production model is the final assembly of certain riflescope series designed specifically for the American market (such as the Z3 and Z5 lines), which takes place in the United States. This is a minor logistical adaptation rather than a true outsourcing of manufacturing.¹³

2.3. Manufacturer Profile: Zeiss

• Core Data: A legendary name in optics, Carl Zeiss AG was founded in Jena, Germany, in 1846.²² The sports optics division, Carl Zeiss Sports Optics GmbH, has its roots in the Moritz Hensoldt company, which was acquired by the Carl Zeiss foundation in 1928 and is based in Wetzlar, Germany.²³
• Capabilities & Reputation: Zeiss is a global technology leader in the fields of optics and optoelectronics. Their reputation for optical excellence is built on over 175 years of innovation. The company operates multiple facilities, with primary sports optics manufacturing in Wetzlar and Jena, Germany.²³ They produce a full range of premium binoculars, riflescopes, and spotting scopes known for their exceptional clarity and performance.²³
• The OEM Web: Like other top-tier German and Austrian manufacturers, Zeiss is a vertically integrated brand that does not produce private-label optics for other consumer brands. Their focus is on producing products under their own esteemed name, maintaining a standard of quality that is a benchmark for the entire industry.

2.4. Manufacturer Profile: Kahles

• Core Data: Founded in 1898, Kahles is one of the world’s oldest existing riflescope manufacturers.²⁴ The company is headquartered in Guntramsdorf, near Vienna, Austria.²⁴
• Capabilities & Corporate Structure: Since 1974, Kahles has been a subsidiary of Swarovski Optik.²⁴ While operating as a distinct brand, this relationship allows for close cooperation in design and manufacturing. Kahles produces its high-end riflescopes in its Austrian factory, often sharing glass components and technology with its parent company.²⁴ This synergy allows them to produce optics that are renowned for their robustness and are favored by tactical and competition shooters.²⁵
• The OEM Web: Kahles primarily manufactures for its own brand. However, to compete at different price points, particularly in binoculars, the company outsources some product lines. The premium “Helia” line of binoculars, for example, is produced in Japan to meet the highest quality standards, demonstrating a strategic use of the global supply chain even by elite European brands.²⁴

2.5. Manufacturer Profile: Aimpoint AB

• Core Data: Founded in 1974 in Malmö, Sweden, Aimpoint is the originator of the modern red dot sight.²⁶
• Capabilities & Market Position: Aimpoint is a specialist manufacturer focused exclusively on red dot sights. The company invented the technology in 1975 and has remained a market leader through continuous innovation.²⁷ All Aimpoint sights are manufactured in Sweden at facilities in Malmö and Gällivare, ensuring rigorous quality control.²⁸ Their products are legendary for their durability and battery life, making them the standard issue for many military forces, including the U.S. Army’s M68 Close Combat Optic.²⁶
• The OEM Web: Aimpoint is a brand-manufacturer and does not produce sights for other consumer brands. Their status as a primary supplier to numerous NATO military forces makes them a de facto OEM for the defense industry.

2.6. Manufacturer Profile: Meopta

• Core Data: Founded as Optotechna in 1933 in Prerov, Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic), the company was renamed Meopta in 1946.²⁹ In 2023, it became part of the Carlyle Group.³¹
• Capabilities & Reputation: Meopta is a highly capable, vertically integrated manufacturer with extensive experience in military and consumer optics. Their state-of-the-art facility in the Czech Republic handles everything from R&D and lens grinding to final assembly.³¹ They are known for producing rugged, high-performance optics that offer a strong value proposition compared to their German and Austrian counterparts.
• The OEM Web: In addition to producing a full line of Meopta-branded products, the company is also a significant, though often uncredited, OEM partner for other major European brands. Their advanced manufacturing capabilities allow them to supply high-quality optical components and even fully assembled scopes to other well-known names in the industry.

Section 3: The Titans of Tōkyō: Japan’s High-End Optical Foundries

Japanese manufacturers represent the gold standard in optical quality and precision mechanics. Their reputation is so powerful that a “Made in Japan” mark is a key selling point for the premium product lines of many American and European brands. This expertise is concentrated in a handful of highly specialized, and often highly secretive, OEM/ODM facilities.

3.1. Manufacturer Profile: Light Optical Works, Ltd. (LOW)

• Core Data: Founded in 1956, Light Optical Works, Ltd. (commonly known as LOW) is headquartered in Suwa City, Nagano Prefecture, a region with a deep history of precision manufacturing.³ The company operates explicitly as an OEM/ODM, specializing in the development and production of high-performance riflescopes, binoculars, and spotting scopes.³
• Capabilities & Reputation: LOW’s corporate identity is built on the foundation of superior Japanese craftsmanship. Their marketing emphasizes their ability to produce optics that are not merely precise but are mechanically robust enough to withstand repeated shocks of 1000G, a critical requirement for firearms applications.³⁴ The company states that its quality and accuracy are “recognized by top level riflescope companies,” and its products are used by elite shooters worldwide.³⁴
• The OEM Web: As a dedicated OEM, LOW does not market its own consumer brand and is famously discreet about its client list. However, through industry analysis and direct statements from brands, its role as the manufacturer behind some of the world’s most respected premium optics is well-established.

• Athlon Optics: The clearest public link to LOW comes from Athlon. The brand’s flagship “Cronus BTR” series is explicitly identified in multiple reports as being manufactured at “the LOW factory in Japan”.³⁵ This direct attribution confirms LOW’s position as a maker of top-tier optics for respected American brands.
• Vortex Optics: The Vortex “Razor” line of riflescopes (with the exception of the American-made HD AMG model) is produced at a “partner facility” in Japan.⁵ Given LOW’s specialization in high-performance riflescopes and its known relationships with other US brands, it is the logical and widely accepted manufacturer for the Razor series.
• Nightforce Optics: Nightforce, a benchmark for rugged tactical scopes, sources its highest-grade optical glass from Japan and has entire product lines, including the NXS, SHV, and NX8 series, manufactured there.³⁶ LOW’s expertise in building mechanically superior scopes makes it a primary candidate for this critical manufacturing partnership.
• The “Suwa Cluster” as Japan’s Optical Valley: The location of Light Optical Works in Suwa, Nagano, is not a geographical accident but a profound strategic advantage. This region was historically the epicenter of the Japanese watchmaking industry, earning it the moniker “the Switzerland of the East.” The intricate skills required for horology—precision mechanics, micro-assembly, and lens grinding—are directly transferable to the production of high-end optical instruments. This industrial heritage created a regional ecosystem, or “cluster,” of highly skilled labor, specialized component suppliers, and a deeply ingrained culture of meticulous quality control. Therefore, LOW’s ability to produce world-class optics is not just the result of its own corporate efforts but is also a product of this unique regional legacy. Brands that partner with LOW are not just buying factory time; they are tapping into a multi-generational reservoir of precision engineering expertise that cannot be easily replicated elsewhere.

3.2. Manufacturer Profile: Kenko Tokina Co., Ltd.

• Core Data: Established in 1957 in Tokyo, Kenko Tokina is a diversified optical conglomerate and a giant in the global industry.³⁷
• Capabilities & Corporate Structure: Unlike the specialized focus of LOW, Kenko Tokina is a massive entity with a complex corporate structure. They produce and market their own successful lines of photographic equipment, including Kenko filters, Tokina lenses, and Slik tripods.³⁹ Simultaneously, they operate as one of the world’s largest OEM manufacturers, particularly in the binocular segment, where they are described as supplying “one of the world’s leading brands”.⁴¹ Their corporate family includes numerous affiliates and subsidiaries, giving them a vast global reach.⁴³
• The OEM Web & Ownership: Kenko Tokina’s significance in the firearms optics market is both direct and through its corporate ownership structure.

• Sightron: The brand Sightron is owned by its parent organization, Kenko Tokina.⁸ This relationship is fundamental to understanding Sightron’s manufacturing strategy. The brand’s premium riflescopes, such as the SIII and SV series, are produced in Japan, leveraging the parent company’s high-end domestic manufacturing capabilities. Meanwhile, its mid-range product lines are produced in a facility in the Philippines, which is also owned by Kenko Tokina.⁸
• Philippine Kenko Corporation: Kenko Tokina is the parent company of this major manufacturing plant in the Philippines, which specializes in riflescopes and binoculars.⁴³ This facility is a critical node in the global supply chain and will be discussed in further detail in Section 4.
• General OEM Work: With their stated position as a top OEM for binoculars and their extensive capabilities in CCTV and security lenses, Kenko Tokina is undoubtedly a silent manufacturing partner for numerous other optics brands that source products from Japan, though these relationships are not publicly disclosed.⁴¹

3.3. Manufacturer Profile: Kamakura Koki Co., Ltd.

• Core Data: Founded in Japan in 1950, Kamakura Koki has a history spanning over seven decades as a dedicated OEM of optical instruments.¹
• Capabilities & Global Footprint: Kamakura is a major international OEM with a significant global footprint. The company operates factories in Japan (in Saitama and Gunma prefectures), a production and service facility in San Diego, USA, and has had a manufacturing presence in China since 1990.⁴⁵ This diverse manufacturing base allows them to serve a wide range of clients and price points. The company claims to hold a staggering 40% of the world market share for medium-to-high price range binoculars and spotting scopes, marking them as a dominant force in the industry.⁴⁶
• The OEM Web: Kamakura is committed to its role as an OEM, stating that its mission is to provide products that enhance the value of their customers’ brands while building a relationship of trust.⁴⁸ While most of their partnerships are confidential, some are known:

• Ecotone: This Polish optics brand is explicitly identified as being “100% made by Kamakura,” providing a clear, verifiable example of their OEM work.⁴⁹
• Maven: Maven Optics, which operates on a direct-to-consumer model, states that its riflescopes are built with “premium, world-class Japanese glass”.⁵⁰ Given Kamakura’s massive market share, specialization in high-quality optics, and long history of partnering with American brands, they are a highly probable manufacturer for Maven.
• Legacy Brands (e.g., Bushnell): Within the industry, it is widely acknowledged that Kamakura was the manufacturer behind some of the most legendary Japanese-made optics from American brands, such as the original Bushnell Elite series. While brands shift their supply chains over time, Kamakura’s long-standing role as a partner to “famous camera manufacturers and major optical equipment manufacturers” points to deep, historical relationships with many of the most established names in the US market.¹

3.4. Manufacturer Profile: Deon Optical Design Corporation

• Core Data: Deon Optical is a specialized, high-end riflescope manufacturer based in Japan.
• Capabilities & Market Position: Deon is the manufacturer of March Scopes, a brand highly regarded in the precision long-range and benchrest shooting communities.⁵¹ Unlike large-scale OEMs, Deon operates as a boutique manufacturer, hand-building each scope in Japan using exclusively Japanese-made components.⁵² This focus on craftsmanship and quality over volume places them in the highest tier of optical manufacturing.
• The OEM Web: Deon exclusively manufactures for its own March Scopes brand.⁵² They do not engage in private-label OEM work for other companies. Their influence comes not from the breadth of their client list, but from the elite quality and performance of their products, which are often used as a benchmark in competitive shooting disciplines.

3.5. Manufacturer Profile: Japan Optics, Ltd. (JOL)

• Core Data: Formerly known as Hakko, Japan Optics has a history dating back to the 1960s as a machinery workshop that evolved into a significant riflescope manufacturer.⁵³
• Capabilities & Business Model: JOL operates as a dedicated OEM manufacturer, combining Japanese craftsmanship with German and American design principles to offer custom optics solutions for other brands.⁵³ They specialize in providing a complete “design-to-build” service, allowing companies to add custom-branded optics to their product lines efficiently.⁵⁴
• The OEM Web: As a pure OEM, JOL’s client list is not public. However, their long history as Hakko means they have worked with numerous firearms and optics brands globally.⁵³ They represent the class of experienced Japanese factories that provide the manufacturing backbone for many well-regarded, Japanese-made optics sold under American and European brand names.

Section 4: The Dragon’s Workshop: China’s Ascendancy in Optics Manufacturing

For decades, China was viewed as the world’s factory for low-cost, entry-level optics. While it continues to dominate this segment, a new class of Chinese manufacturer has emerged. These companies are technologically sophisticated, vertically integrated, and possess formidable R&D capabilities. They are not just assembling optics; they are innovating and driving the market, forcing the rest of the world to take notice.

4.1. Manufacturer Profile: Huanic Corporation (Parent of Holosun)

• Core Data: Founded in 2002 and based in the high-tech zone of Xi’an, China, Huanic Corporation is a large-scale electro-optics manufacturer with over 650 employees, including a substantial R&D department of 50 engineers.⁵⁵
• Capabilities & Market Position: Huanic’s product scope extends beyond simple optics to include laser diode modules, laser aiming devices, and holographic sights.⁵⁶ They are a major OEM/ODM manufacturer with the capacity to design and produce everything from core components to fully packaged and branded systems for their clients.⁵⁶
• The OEM Web: Huanic is arguably the single most influential manufacturer in the modern red dot and reflex sight market. Their network of in-house brands and OEM clients is extensive and demonstrates a profound consolidation of the market.

• Holosun: Huanic is the manufacturer and parent company of the Holosun brand.¹⁰ The rapid rise of Holosun from an unknown entity to a market leader is a testament to Huanic’s underlying manufacturing prowess and R&D capabilities, which introduced features like solar panels and “shake awake” technology to the mainstream market.
• SIG Sauer Electro-Optics: It is an open secret within the industry, confirmed by supply chain analysis and insider reports, that many of SIG Sauer’s popular electro-optics, such as the Romeo series of red dot sights, are produced by Huanic.¹⁰
• Primary Arms: The company has publicly stated that its Chinese-made optics, which constitute the popular Silver Series (SLx) and entry-level Classic Series (CLx), are produced in the same factory as Holosun—that is, Huanic.¹⁰
• Swampfox Optics: Swampfox is a US company headquartered in Colorado that outsources its manufacturing to China.⁶² Based on their product features, price point, and market segment, which align closely with those of Holosun and Primary Arms, Huanic is the most probable OEM partner.
• The “Huanic Effect” on Market Consolidation: The revelation that a single Chinese manufacturer is the production source for at least three major, seemingly competitive American brands—Holosun, SIG Sauer, and Primary Arms—has significant market implications. This consolidation means that much of the “competition” observed by consumers is happening at the level of marketing, branding, reticle design, and customer service, while the core hardware (housings, electronics, emitters, and glass) originates from the same factory. This phenomenon creates several distinct effects. First, it accelerates the pace of innovation across the market segment; R&D breakthroughs at Huanic, such as solar failsafe or multiple reticle systems, can be rapidly deployed across all their client brands, making these features industry standards almost overnight. Second, it introduces a critical single point of failure in the supply chain. A production disruption at the Huanic facility, such as a factory shutdown, can simultaneously impact the inventory and product launches of multiple major brands.¹⁰ Finally, it leads to a degree of product homogenization, where optics from different brands share fundamental components and performance characteristics, with differentiation being primarily cosmetic or feature-based rather than rooted in fundamentally different engineering.

4.2. Manufacturer Profile: Gushin Optics (Chongqing Gushin Outdoor LLC)

• Core Data: While the Gushin Optics brand was formally established in 2020, its manufacturing operations trace back to a facility founded in 2003 in Chongqing, China.⁶⁴
• Capabilities & Business Model: Gushin Optics exemplifies the modern, transparent Chinese OEM/ODM. Their corporate website functions as a direct-to-business catalog, openly advertising their OEM and ODM services to a global clientele.² Their product list is extensive, showcasing the ability to produce a wide array of riflescopes with advanced features like First Focal Plane (FFP) reticles, 34mm and 35mm main tubes, and Extra-Low Dispersion (ED) glass—features that were once the exclusive domain of premium Japanese and European manufacturers.⁴ They also produce red dot sights, night vision devices, and binoculars.⁴
• The OEM Web: Gushin does not publicly name its clients. However, their business model and the breadth of their catalog make them representative of the type of large-scale Chinese factories that supply many of the value-oriented brands popular in the North American market. Brands such as Monstrum, CVLIFE, and potentially some of the entry-level lines from legacy brands like Bushnell or Tasco, likely source their products from manufacturers with capabilities identical to those of Gushin. Their existence demonstrates the dramatic upward shift in the quality and complexity that Chinese optics factories can now deliver at highly competitive prices.

4.3. Manufacturer Profile: Synta Technology Corporation

• Core Data: Synta is a massive Taiwanese-owned optics manufacturer with its primary production facility located in Suzhou, China.
• Capabilities & Market Position: Synta is a dominant force in the global astronomy market, acting as the OEM for a huge number of telescopes sold under brands like Celestron and Sky-Watcher. Their expertise in mass-producing quality optical instruments is well-established.
• The OEM Web: While best known for telescopes, Synta’s manufacturing capabilities extend to other sporting optics.
• Tasco: It is explicitly reported that Tasco brand telescopes are manufactured at Synta’s plant in Suzhou.⁶⁶ Tasco, now a brand under the Revelyst (formerly Vista Outdoor) portfolio, also markets a wide range of riflescopes, binoculars, and spotting scopes.⁶⁷ Given the existing manufacturing relationship and Synta’s large-scale capabilities, it is highly probable that Synta also produces some of these other sporting optics for the Tasco brand, allowing the parent company to leverage the economy of scale provided by a single, high-volume manufacturing partner.

4.4. Manufacturer Profile: InfiRay Technologies Co., Ltd.

• Core Data: Founded in 2009 and headquartered in Yantai, China, InfiRay (also known as IRay) is a subsidiary of Raytron Technology and a major manufacturer of thermal imaging products.⁶⁹
• Capabilities & Market Position: InfiRay specializes in consumer-grade thermal infrared imagers, detectors, and modules.⁶⁹ The company has a significant global market share and is known for producing innovative and competitively priced thermal scopes, monoculars, and clip-on systems.⁷⁰ They have a large annual production capacity and a strong focus on R&D.⁷⁰
• The OEM Web: InfiRay produces products under its own brand and also serves as an OEM for other companies. For example, they previously produced fever screeners for the US company Certify.⁶⁹ Their advanced thermal cores and components are likely integrated into products sold by various other brands in the security and outdoor optics markets.

4.5. Manufacturer Profile: Wuhan Guide Sensmart Tech Co., Ltd.

• Core Data: Established in 2016, Guide Sensmart is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Guide Infrared, a major public company in China’s infrared industry.⁷¹
• Capabilities & Market Position: Guide Sensmart focuses on the commercial application of thermal imaging, leveraging its parent company’s 20+ years of experience. They have a large production capacity and a complete industrial chain from thermal detectors to finished systems.⁷² Their product range includes thermal scopes, handheld cameras, and UAV payloads.⁷¹
• The OEM Web: With a stated annual production capacity of 500,000 units and a network of over 300 partners in more than 70 countries, Guide Sensmart is a major OEM/ODM player in the thermal imaging space, supplying both finished products and core modules to a wide range of international clients.⁷¹

Section 5: Archipelago of Assembly: The Philippine Powerhouse

Strategically positioned between the premium quality of Japan and the mass-market scale of China, the Philippines has carved out a crucial niche in the global optics supply chain. It has become the premier destination for brands seeking high-quality assembly and rigorous quality control at a competitive price point, often under the direct supervision of Japanese parent companies.

5.1. Manufacturer Profile: Philippine Kenko Corporation

• Core Data: Established on October 10, 1989, Philippine Kenko Corporation is a major manufacturing operation located in the Philippines.⁴³ It is a key affiliate and subsidiary of the Japanese optical giant Kenko Tokina Co., Ltd., which provides technical oversight and a direct link to Japanese quality standards.⁴³
• Capabilities & Role: The facility is a large-scale operation, comprising two factories with a combined floor area of 22,000 square meters and employing over 1,000 Filipino workers alongside Japanese supervisors.⁴³ Their stated mission is to manufacture riflescopes and binoculars that deliver “Japanese quality, manufactured in the Philippines”.⁷³ This positioning makes them the ideal partner for brands wanting to move a step up from Chinese production without incurring the high costs of Japanese manufacturing.
• The OEM Web: The Philippine Kenko facility is a critical, though often uncredited, manufacturing hub for some of the most popular and well-regarded mid-tier optics in the world. Its client list includes a who’s who of the American sporting optics market.

• Vortex Optics: The brand’s extremely popular mid-range “Viper” series of riflescopes, as well as specific models like the Diamondback 4-12×40, are explicitly stated to be made in the Philippines.⁵ Reports indicate that early in the partnership, Vortex sent Japanese engineers to the plant to ensure their high standards were met, a clear illustration of the Japanese-Philippine quality connection.⁵
• Sightron: As a subsidiary of Kenko Tokina, Sightron leverages this in-house facility for its production. Beginning around 2010, Sightron shifted the manufacturing of its entry-level and mid-range scope series, such as the SI and SII lines, from Japan to the factory in Manila.⁸
• Burris Optics: The manufacturing process for Burris products is described as a global effort: parts are sourced from Japan, assembly takes place in the Philippines, and final inspection is conducted in the United States.⁷ The Philippine Kenko facility is the most likely location for this crucial assembly stage.
• Primary Arms: In its tiered product strategy, Primary Arms designates its “Gold Series (GLx)” optics as being manufactured in the Philippines.⁶⁰ This positions the GLx line a step above their Chinese-made Silver Series, reflecting the industry’s perception of the higher quality associated with Philippine assembly.

5.2. Manufacturer Profile: Scopro Optical Co., Inc.

• Core Data: Located in Mandaluyong, Philippines, Scopro Optical Co., Inc. is a dedicated OEM factory owned by the Taiwan-based Asia Optical Group, which was founded in 1980.
• Capabilities & Role: Scopro is a key manufacturer of riflescopes, reflex red dot sights, and prism scopes. Its operations are backed by the parent company’s more than 30 years of experience in providing comprehensive OEM/ODM services, from initial design to mass production. This includes the capability to build scopes with a wide range of magnifications, first or second focal plane reticles, and various illumination systems. Products undergo rigorous reliability testing, including recoil, drop, fog, and waterproof tests to meet the standards of their clients.
• The OEM Web: Scopro is a significant, though often uncredited, manufacturing partner for several major brands popular in the North American market. Shipping records and industry analysis confirm its role as an OEM for:

• Burris Optics
• Vortex Optics
• Sig Sauer
• Nikon (firearms optics line discontinued around 2020)
  The presence of Scopro, alongside Philippine Kenko, cements the Philippines’ position as a vital center for the production of the world’s mid-tier, high-value optics.

Section 6: American Assembly & Brand Aggregation

The role of the major American optics companies is often misunderstood. While the “Made in USA” label evokes images of complete domestic manufacturing, the reality is more nuanced. The most successful US brands today often function as master integrators and brand aggregators. Their core strengths lie in innovative design (particularly of reticles), sophisticated marketing, final assembly, and rigorous quality control, all while managing a complex global supply chain to source the best components and products from around the world.

6.1. Manufacturer Profile: Leupold & Stevens, Inc.

• Core Data: A quintessential American company, Leupold & Stevens was founded in 1907 and remains a fifth-generation family-owned business headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon.¹¹
• Capabilities & Manufacturing Model: Leupold maintains a formidable manufacturing presence in the United States. Their Beaverton facility employs over 700 people and includes a 150,000 square-foot machine shop dedicated to milling riflescope main tubes and other components from aerospace-grade aluminum.¹¹ The critical final assembly of their riflescopes is performed by highly skilled workers in specialized, access-controlled clean rooms at this same facility.¹² This in-house control over the mechanical construction and assembly process is a cornerstone of their reputation for durability.
• The OEM Web (Strategic Outsourcing): Leupold’s “Built in the USA” identity is central to its brand, but it is built on a pragmatic and intelligent model of global integration. They focus their domestic resources on their core competencies while strategically sourcing other components and product lines from the best international specialists.

• Optical Glass: It is a widely accepted industry reality that the highest grades of raw optical glass are produced by specialists in Japan. Like many other top-tier scope assemblers, Leupold sources premium Japanese glass for its riflescopes, which is then ground, coated, and assembled into lens systems in their Oregon factory.⁵
• Binoculars: Recognizing that binocular manufacturing is a different specialty, Leupold outsources this entire product category. Their premium binocular lines, such as the BX-5 Santiam HD and BX-4 Pro Guide HD, are manufactured in Japan to compete at the highest level. Concurrently, their more affordable lines, like the BX-1 McKenzie, are produced in China to meet a different price point.¹¹ This demonstrates a sophisticated, tiered sourcing strategy that allows them to compete across the entire binocular market.
• The “Brand as Integrator” Model: Leupold & Stevens exemplifies the modern “Brand as Integrator” business model. The value they provide to the consumer is not derived from manufacturing every single component from raw materials. Instead, their value lies in their ability to design superior products, manage a global network of specialized suppliers, and integrate the best components into a finished product that meets their exacting standards. They leverage their Oregon facility for the critical tasks they do best: precision machining of housings and meticulous final assembly. They source world-class glass from Japanese experts. They partner with dedicated OEMs for non-core product lines. The final product, bearing the Leupold name, is a synthesis of these global parts, but the promise of quality, performance, and a lifetime guarantee is made, and kept, in Beaverton, Oregon. This model allows them to focus their capital and expertise on the most critical aspects of product integrity while remaining competitive across a broad and diverse market.

6.2. Manufacturer Profile: Trijicon, Inc.

• Core Data: Founded in 1981 by Glyn Bindon, Trijicon is an American company based in Wixom, Michigan, that specializes in self-luminous aiming systems.⁷⁵
• Capabilities & Manufacturing Model: Trijicon is a major US military contractor, famous for its Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight (ACOG). The vast majority of its products, including the ACOG, RMR, MRO, and VCOG lines, are designed, engineered, and assembled in its facilities in Wixom, Michigan, or Auburn, California, and are marked “Made in the USA”.⁷⁶
• The OEM Web (Strategic Outsourcing): Like Leupold, Trijicon employs a strategic global sourcing model for certain product lines. Their AccuPoint riflescopes are assembled in the USA but use significant components from Japan.⁷⁶ Other riflescope lines, including the Huron, Ascent, Tenmile, and Credo series, are manufactured entirely in Japan to Trijicon’s specifications, leveraging that country’s expertise in high-quality scope production.⁷⁶

6.3. Manufacturer Profile: EOTech

• Core Data: Founded in 1995 and based in Plymouth, Michigan, EOTech is the inventor and leading manufacturer of holographic weapon sights.⁷⁷
• Capabilities & Manufacturing Model: EOTech’s core competency is its proprietary holographic technology. All of its holographic sights, magnifiers, and thermal/night vision products are manufactured in its Michigan facility.⁷⁸ This domestic production is crucial for their extensive contracts with US military and law enforcement agencies.
• The OEM Web (Strategic Outsourcing): To compete in the traditional riflescope market, EOTech outsources its “Vudu” line of magnified scopes. These high-performance scopes are produced in Japan, allowing EOTech to offer a premium product that complements its US-made holographic sights.⁷⁸

6.4. Manufacturer Profile: Nightforce Optics

• Core Data: Established in 1992, Nightforce is a subsidiary of the Australian company Lightforce Performance Lighting, with its factory headquarters in Orofino, Idaho.³⁶
• Capabilities & Manufacturing Model: Nightforce has built a reputation for producing exceptionally rugged and reliable tactical riflescopes. The company designs, machines, and assembles its premier “ATACR” series in its Idaho facility.³⁶
• The OEM Web (Strategic Outsourcing): Nightforce has a deep and long-standing relationship with Japanese manufacturing. The company sources its high-grade optical glass from Japan for all its scopes.³⁶ Furthermore, several entire product lines, including the popular NXS, SHV, and NX8 series, are fully manufactured in Japan before being tested and packaged in the US.³⁶ This hybrid model allows them to combine American design and assembly for their flagship line with the renowned quality of Japanese full-scope manufacturing for other series.

6.5. Manufacturer Profile: U.S. Optics

• Core Data: Founded in 1991, U.S. Optics has a long history of building custom, high-end tactical riflescopes. The company is now located in North Carolina.⁸⁰
• Capabilities & Manufacturing Model: The company’s premier “Foundation Series” scopes are designed and engineered in-house in North Carolina.⁸¹ They are known for their robust construction and high-quality mechanics.
• The OEM Web (Strategic Outsourcing): To reach a broader market, U.S. Optics offers more affordable lines, such as the TS-Series. These budget-friendly optics are manufactured overseas, allowing the company to compete at lower price points while reserving its domestic manufacturing for its top-tier products.⁸²

6.6. Manufacturer Profile: Burris Optics

• Core Data: Founded in 1971 in Greeley, Colorado, Burris was acquired by Beretta Holdings in 2002.⁸³
• Capabilities & Manufacturing Model: Burris is a prime example of a brand that leverages the tiered global supply chain to its fullest extent. Their manufacturing process involves sourcing high-quality optical and mechanical components from Japan, performing the critical assembly in the Philippines (likely at the Philippine Kenko or Scopro facilities), and conducting final quality control and packaging in the United States.
• The OEM Web: This multi-national approach allows Burris to produce reliable, feature-rich optics at a very competitive mid-range price point, making them a popular choice for hunters and shooters.

6.7. Manufacturer Profile: Vista Outdoor / Revelyst

• Core Data: Vista Outdoor (soon to be split into Revelyst and The Kinetic Group) is a massive American sporting goods conglomerate founded in 2015.⁸⁵
• Capabilities & Corporate Structure: This entity is not a single manufacturer but a holding company that owns a vast portfolio of optics brands, including Bushnell, Tasco, Simmons, and Weaver.⁶⁷
• The OEM Web: The company acts as a massive brand aggregator, managing a complex web of OEM relationships across the globe. For its various brands, it sources products from a wide range of manufacturers, including Synta in China (for Tasco telescopes) and historically Kamakura Koki in Japan (for premium Bushnell lines).⁸⁸ This model allows them to address every segment of the market, from entry-level to premium, by rebranding products from the world’s most capable OEMs.

Section 7: Other Notable Global Manufacturers

This section includes other significant manufacturers from around the world who play a key role in the industry through specialized technology, regional dominance, or unique OEM/ODM relationships.

7.1. Manufacturer Profile: Pulsar / Yukon Advanced Optics Worldwide

• Core Data: Yukon Advanced Optics Worldwide is a European high-tech company group with its headquarters in Vilnius, Lithuania, founded in the 1990s.⁹⁰ Pulsar is its flagship brand for consumer thermal and night vision devices.
• Capabilities & Market Position: Pulsar is a world leader in the civilian thermal and digital night vision market. As one of the few manufacturers with a full production cycle in Europe, they design, develop, and manufacture their products in-house.⁹² This vertical integration gives them significant control over innovation and quality.
• The OEM Web: Pulsar manufactures products under its own brand and the Yukon brand. Their market dominance and advanced technology make them a key player, setting trends in the rapidly growing thermal imaging sector.

7.2. Manufacturer Profile: ZRAK

• Core Data: ZRAK d.d. Sarajevo is a Bosnian company with a long history of producing optical and optoelectronic devices for military and civilian use.⁹⁴
• Capabilities & Reputation: With a tradition in military optics, ZRAK manufactures a range of rugged products, including riflescopes, binoculars, and high-precision optical elements like lenses and prisms.⁹⁴ They are known for producing durable, battle-proven optics.
• The OEM Web: ZRAK produces optics under its own brand and also serves as an OEM, offering its manufacturing services for machining, surface protection, and optical element production to other clients.⁹⁴

7.3. Manufacturer Profile: Dedal-NV

• Core Data: Founded in 1991 in Russia, Dedal-NV is a leading Russian manufacturer of precision optics.⁹⁶
• Capabilities & Market Position: The company specializes in high-end day, night, and thermal imaging scopes and observation devices.⁹⁷ With in-house optical and electronic manufacturing, they supply professional-grade equipment to law enforcement and military units as well as the civilian market.⁹⁶
• The OEM Web: Dedal-NV is primarily a brand-manufacturer, exporting over 80% of its production worldwide.⁹⁶ Their reputation is built on winning international tenders and their use in professional sniping competitions.

7.4. Manufacturer Profile: Steiner

• Core Data: Founded in 1947 in Bayreuth, Germany, Steiner is a manufacturer of high-quality optics, particularly known for its binoculars.⁹⁹ Since 2008, it has been part of the Beretta Holding Company.¹⁰⁰
• Capabilities & Reputation: Steiner has a long history as a military supplier, including providing the service binoculars for the West German Bundeswehr.⁹⁹ All of their renowned binoculars are manufactured in Germany.¹⁰¹ Their eOptics products (lasers and lights) are made in a facility in Monterey, California.¹⁰⁰
• The OEM Web: As part of the Beretta Group, Steiner is a key optical component of a major firearms conglomerate. They primarily manufacture for their own brand, with a reputation built on military-grade toughness and quality.

7.5. Manufacturer Profile: Leica Sport Optics

• Core Data: A legendary German brand founded in 1846, Leica is synonymous with high-end cameras and optics.²²
• Capabilities & Global Footprint: While headquartered in Wetzlar, Germany, a significant portion of Leica’s manufacturing, including spotting scopes and other precision optical devices, takes place at their state-of-the-art factory in Famalicão, Portugal, which was established in 1973.¹⁰²
• The OEM Web: Leica is an exclusive, vertically integrated brand. They do not produce optics for other companies. Their ranking is based purely on their historical significance and the exceptional quality of their products.

7.6. Manufacturer Profile: Nikko Stirling

• Core Data: Founded in 1956 by Australian Malcolm Fuller, the company was established in Tokyo, Japan, to leverage the emerging Japanese optics industry.¹⁰⁵
• Capabilities & Business Model: Nikko Stirling focuses exclusively on optics for hunting and shooting.¹⁰⁵ The brand has built a reputation for providing functional, reliable optics by combining practical design experience with Japanese manufacturing expertise.
• The OEM Web: While it operates as a distinct brand, its foundation is rooted in the OEM model, utilizing Japanese factories to produce scopes designed for the specific needs of hunters. Today, it is a registered trademark of Nikko Stirling International Trading Shanghai Ltd.¹⁰⁶

7.7. Manufacturer Profile: Valdada / IOR

• Core Data: Valdada is the US importer for scopes made by IOR (Industry Optic Romania) in Bucharest, Romania.¹⁰⁸
• Capabilities & Reputation: IOR is a Romanian manufacturer with a history of producing military optics. Their scopes are known for using high-quality German glass from Schott and for their robust, often overbuilt, mechanical construction.¹⁰⁹ They have a strong following in the long-range shooting community.
• The OEM Web: IOR is the exclusive manufacturer for the Valdada brand of scopes sold in the US market.

7.8. Manufacturer Profile: Noblex E-Optics

• Core Data: Formerly known as Docter Optics, Noblex continues a long tradition of German optical manufacturing from facilities in Jena and Eisfeld, with roots tracing back to Carl Zeiss.¹¹⁰
• Capabilities & Market Position: Noblex produces a range of high-quality binoculars, riflescopes, and is particularly well-known for its compact red dot sights.¹¹⁰ The footprint of the Noblex/Docter sight has become an industry standard for mounting pistol red dots.¹¹⁰
• The OEM Web: Noblex manufactures for its own brand and is also a significant OEM supplier. The widespread adoption of its red dot sight footprint by other major brands like Leica and Meopta is a testament to its influence as a component and design manufacturer.¹¹⁰

Section 8: Summary & Market Consolidation Analysis

Consolidated Findings

The preceding analysis reveals a global firearms optics industry that is far more consolidated and interconnected than the consumer-facing market suggests. The illusion of choice, created by dozens of distinct brands, masks a reality dominated by a small cadre of powerful manufacturers. The key findings of this report can be summarized as follows:

• The Tiered Hierarchy is Real: The quality, features, and price of nearly every optic on the market can be directly traced to its origin within a three-tiered global manufacturing system. Japan produces the premium, high-cost optics; the Philippines produces the high-value, mid-tier optics; and China produces the vast majority of volume and value-oriented optics, with a rapidly growing high-tech segment.
• OEMs are the Hidden Giants: Manufacturers like Light Optical Works, Kamakura Koki, Huanic Corporation, and Philippine Kenko are the silent engines of the industry. These companies are responsible for producing products for multiple, often competing, brands, giving them immense influence over market trends, technological innovation, and supply chain stability.
• “Made in USA” is a Model of Integration: The most successful American brands, such as Leupold, Trijicon, and Vortex, operate as sophisticated global integrators. They leverage domestic strengths in design, final assembly, and quality control while sourcing components and entire product lines from the best international specialists. Their brand promise is one of quality assurance and service, not necessarily 100% domestic component manufacturing.
• Market Consolidation is Accelerating: The “Huanic Effect” in the red dot market is the most potent example of a broader trend. As a few large OEMs become more technologically advanced, they attract more client brands, leading to a consolidation of core technology and manufacturing. This reduces true diversity in the market’s hardware, placing a greater emphasis on brand-specific features like reticle design, marketing, and warranty support as key differentiators.

The following tables provide a consolidated overview of the top 25 global firearms optics manufacturers and a cross-reference of popular brands and their manufacturing origins, serving as an essential guide to the true structure of the industry.

Table 8.1: Top 25 Global Firearms Optics Manufacturers

Table 8.2: Optics Brands and Their Known Manufacturers

Concluding Analysis

The landscape of the firearms optics industry is a case study in modern globalized manufacturing. The success of a brand is no longer solely dependent on its ability to manufacture a product in-house, but rather on its ability to design, source, integrate, and guarantee that product. As Asian OEMs continue to advance their technological capabilities, the quality gap between tiers will continue to narrow, placing even greater pressure on brands to differentiate themselves. In this environment, factors beyond the factory floor—innovative reticle design, intuitive user interfaces, responsive customer service, and ironclad lifetime warranties—become the ultimate arbiters of value. For the discerning industry analyst or consumer, understanding the manufacturing origin of an optic remains the most reliable first step in assessing its potential quality, but understanding the value added by the brand is what ultimately determines its worth.

Works cited

1. Creating de facto standards for the future – 鎌倉光機株式会社, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.e-kamakura.co.jp/KamaWeb_En/index.html
2. The Best Two OEM Rifle Scopes Manufacturer in the World – Gushin Optics, accessed August 10, 2025, https://gushinoptics.com/blogs/the-guide/riflescopes-manufactuers
3. Light Optical Works, Ltd., accessed August 10, 2025, http://www.light-op.co.jp/english/
4. Gushin Optics: Best Chinese OEM Rifle Scopes Optics Manufacturer, accessed August 10, 2025, https://gushinoptics.com/
5. Where are Vortex Scopes Made? (Verified by Vortex Optics), accessed August 10, 2025, https://scopesfield.com/vortex-scopes-manufactured/
6. Where Are Schmidt & Bender Riflescopes Made? – Optics Trade Blog, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.optics-trade.eu/blog/where-are-schmidt-bender-riflescopes-made/
7. Where Are Vortex Optics Made in 2024? [Surprising] – Rifle Gear Lab, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.riflegearlab.com/where-are-vortex-optics-made/
8. Where Are Sightron Riflescopes Made? – Optics Trade Blog, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.optics-trade.eu/blog/where-are-sightron-riflescopes-made/
9. Where Are Vortex Scopes Made – Optics Force, accessed August 10, 2025, https://opticsforce.com/blogs/news/where-are-vortex-scopes-made
10. SIG Sauer and Primary Arms Chinese-made optics are potentially made by Huanic aka Holosun : r/Firearms – Reddit, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/Firearms/comments/1mljq8o/sig_sauer_and_primary_arms_chinesemade_optics_are/
11. Where are Leupold binoculars made? – Optics Trade Blog, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.optics-trade.eu/blog/where-are-leupold-binoculars-made/
12. Leupold & Stevens optics: the factory tour – All4Shooters.com, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.all4shooters.com/en/hunting/optics/leupold-stevens-factory-tour-optics-testing-with-video/
13. Where are Swarovski Riflescopes Made? – Optics Trade Blog, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.optics-trade.eu/blog/where-are-swarovski-riflescopes-made/
14. Primary Arms: Firearms | Optics, accessed August 10, 2025, https://aboutprimaryarms.com/
15. Schmidt & Bender, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.schmidtundbender.de/en/
16. Schmidt & Bender – Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_%26_Bender
17. Schmidt & Bender – Enforce Tac, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.enforcetac.com/en/exhibitors/schmidt-bender-2475890
18. Facts and Figures – SWAROVSKI OPTIK, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.swarovskioptik.com/ch/en/hunting/about-us/quality-and-innovation/facts-and-figures
19. www.swarovskioptik.com, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.swarovskioptik.com/us/en/outdoor/about-us/quality-and-innovation/facts-and-figures
20. Swarovski Optik – Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarovski_Optik
21. The Story Behind Swarovski Scopes: Where They’re Made – Outdoor & Velocity, accessed August 10, 2025, https://outdoorandvelocity.co.za/the-story-behind-swarovski-scopes-where-theyre-made/
22. en.wikipedia.org, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeiss_(company)#:~:text=Zeiss%20(%2Fza%C9%AAs%2F,1846%20by%20optician%20Carl%20Zeiss.
23. History of the company sites | ZEISS, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.zeiss.com/corporate/en/about-zeiss/past/history/locations.html
24. www.optics-trade.eu, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.optics-trade.eu/blog/where-are-kahles-binoculars-made/
25. kahles scopes whats the verdict – The Stalking Directory, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.thestalkingdirectory.co.uk/threads/kahles-scopes-whats-the-verdict.15476/
26. Aimpoint – Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimpoint
27. About us – Aimpoint, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.aimpoint.com/about-us/
28. Aimpoint – Our history | Aimpoint, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.aimpoint.com/about-us/our-history/
29. Manufacturers: Meopta – Spotting scopes – OPTICS-PRO, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.optics-pro.com/spotting-scopes/21/m,Meopta
30. Meopta Riflescopes – OPTICS-PRO, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.optics-pro.com/riflescopes/24/m,Meopta
31. Home | Meopta :: Better view of the world, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.meopta.com/en/
32. About Us – Light Optical Works, accessed August 10, 2025, http://www.light-op.co.jp/english/about.html
33. OEM/ODM – Light Optical Works, accessed August 10, 2025, http://www.light-op.co.jp/english/oem.html
34. Products – Light Optical Works, accessed August 10, 2025, http://www.light-op.co.jp/english/products.html
35. Where are Athlon Riflescopes Made? – Optics Trade Blog, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.optics-trade.eu/blog/where-are-athlon-riflescopes-made/
36. Where Are Nightforce Scopes Made in 2024? [Shocking] – Rifle Gear Lab, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.riflegearlab.com/where-are-nightforce-scopes-made/
37. Kenko Tokina Co., Ltd. 60th Anniversary Commemorative Website, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.kenko-tokina.co.jp/60th/en/
38. Company Profile – KenkoTokina, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.kenko-tokina.co.jp/about/en/corporate-overview.html
39. Kenko Tokina USA, Inc., accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.kenkotokinausa.com/
40. Tokina Cinema USA, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.tokinacinemausa.com/
41. Company Information – Tokina, accessed August 10, 2025, https://tokinalens.com/about/company/
42. About – Hoya Filters, accessed August 10, 2025, https://hoyafilterusa.com/pages/about
43. About Us | PHILIPPINE KENKO CORPORATION, accessed August 10, 2025, https://philippine-kenko.com/en/company/
44. Management Message – KenkoTokina, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.kenko-tokina.co.jp/about/en/top-message.html
45. Company – 鎌倉光機株式会社, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.e-kamakura.co.jp/KamaWeb_En/company.html
46. Binoculars – Ornithology- Web shop Ecotone.com.pl, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.ecotone.com.pl/-,1,6,222.html
47. Spotting scopes Ecotone – Ornithology- Web shop Ecotone.com.pl, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.ecotone.com.pl/spotting-scopes-,1,8,8/p/3/Ecotone.html
48. Message from the CEO – 鎌倉光機株式会社, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.e-kamakura.co.jp/KamaWeb_En/custom.html
49. My Final **World Binocular Brands List & Model count. – Cloudy Nights, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.cloudynights.com/topic/841423-my-final-world-binocular-brands-list-model-count/
50. Riflescopes – Maven Outdoor Equipment Company, accessed August 10, 2025, https://mavenbuilt.com/collections/riflescopes
51. bulletcentral.com, accessed August 10, 2025, https://bulletcentral.com/march-scopes/
52. MARCH Scopes Official Global Site, accessed August 10, 2025, https://marchscopes.com/
53. About Us | japanopticsusa, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.jolusa.com/about-us
54. Best Japanese OEM Rifle Scope Optics Factory – Japan Optis Ltd., accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.jolusa.com/
55. Product_Huanic Corporation – 华科光电, accessed August 10, 2025, https://huanic.com/EN/Product/list_103_9.html
56. Huanic Corporation – Profile on GoPhotonics, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.gophotonics.com/companies/685/huanic-corporation
57. Event Bulletin: SPIE Photonics West 2025_Huanic Corporation, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.huanic.com/tf/EN/News_Center/Expo_News/755.html
58. Huanic Corporation: Chinese Laser Module & Laser Flashlight supplier, accessed August 10, 2025, https://huanic.goldsupplier.com/
59. Laser Module, Laser Pointers, Red Line Laser Module L-Series Supplier – Huanic Corporation – Made-in-China.com, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/huakelaser/
60. Primary Arms Announces New Optic Tier System – Outdoor Wire, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.theoutdoorwire.com/releases/f91f9721-cc57-4471-94af-069604ab8c18
61. Where Are Primary Arms Riflescopes Made? – Optics Trade Blog, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.optics-trade.eu/blog/where-are-primary-arms-riflescopes-made/
62. www.riflegearlab.com, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.riflegearlab.com/where-are-swampfox-optics-made/#:~:text=SwampFox%20rifle%20scopes%20are%20manufactured,headquarters%20in%20the%20United%20States.
63. Where Are Swampfox Optics Made [in 2024]? – Rifle Gear Lab, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.riflegearlab.com/where-are-swampfox-optics-made/
64. About Us – Gushin Optics, accessed August 10, 2025, https://gushinoptics.com/pages/about-us
65. Best Chinese OEM Rifle Scope Factory – Gushin Optics, accessed August 10, 2025, https://gushinoptics.com/collections/ffp
66. Tasco Telescope Manufacturing: History and Quality, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.telescopenerd.com/brands/tasco.htm
67. Tasco Optics – Knife Country, USA, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.knifecountryusa.com/store/manufacturer/802/tasco-optics.html
68. Tasco (company) – Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasco_(company)
69. InfiRay – Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfiRay
70. InfiRay Technology Co.,Ltd – Brandon Optics, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.brandonoptics.com/InfiRay-Technology-CoLtd_bymfg_86-0-1.html
71. Wuhan Guide Sensmart Tech Co., Ltd. – Information and distributors around the world – Nauticexpo, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.nauticexpo.com/soc/wuhan-guide-sensmart-tech-co-ltd-199423.html
72. Wuhan Guide Sensmart Tech Co., Ltd. – Information and distributors around the world, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.directindustry.com/soc/wuhan-guide-sensmart-tech-co-ltd-213873.html
73. Products | PHILIPPINE KENKO CORPORATION, accessed August 10, 2025, https://philippine-kenko.com/en/products/
74. Leupold & Stevens – Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leupold_%26_Stevens
75. Trijicon – Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trijicon
76. Our Story | Trijicon®, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.trijicon.com/our-story/about-trijicon
77. EOTech – Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOTech
78. What is EOTech? | True Shot Ammo, accessed August 10, 2025, https://trueshotammo.com/academy/what-is-eotech/
79. en.wikipedia.org, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightforce_Optics
80. About | US Optics, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.usoptics.com/about-us-optics/
81. FAQs – US Optics, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.usoptics.com/faqs/
82. U.S. Optics – ExpertVoice, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.expertvoice.com/brand/usoptics
83. www.burrisoptics.com, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.burrisoptics.com/history#:~:text=Although%20Don%20Burris%20passed%20on,the%20Beretta%20family%20of%20companies.
84. FAQs | Burris Optics, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.burrisoptics.com/support/faqs
85. Vista Outdoor – Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista_Outdoor
86. Vista Outdoor Inc. A Financial Analysis Report – RED: a Repository of Digital Collections, accessed August 10, 2025, https://red.mnstate.edu/thesis/794/
87. Bushnell Corporation – Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushnell_Corporation
88. Weaver scope question | Shooters’ Forum, accessed August 10, 2025, https://forum.accurateshooter.com/threads/weaver-scope-question.4006410/
89. Top-Selling Holosun Red Dot Sights & Laser Sights | OP – OpticsPlanet, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.opticsplanet.com/holosun-brand.html
90. yukonoptics.com, accessed August 10, 2025, https://yukonoptics.com/about-us/#:~:text=The%20headquarters%20of%20the%20Yukon,is%20established%20in%20Vilnius%2C%20Lithuania.&text=Yukon%20pioneers%20the%20development%20of,42%20to%20the%20civilian%20market.
91. About Us – Yukon optics, accessed August 10, 2025, https://yukonoptics.com/about-us/
92. Pulsar Vision – See Beyond: Thermal & Night Vision Optics, accessed August 10, 2025, https://pulsarvision.com/
93. About Pulsar, accessed August 10, 2025, https://pulsarvision.com/about-us/
94. About us – Zrak, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.zrak.ba/?page_id=26
95. Zrak – Sarajevo, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.zrak.ba/
96. About Dedal-NV Company, accessed August 10, 2025, https://dedalnvoptics.com/en/about/
97. Dedal-NV professional thermal imaging and optical riflescopes, night vision goggles, accessed August 10, 2025, https://dedalnvoptics.com/en/
98. Dedal NV – Global Defence Mart, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.globaldefencemart.com/companydetails/profile/dedal-nv
99. Steiner-Optik – Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steiner-Optik
100. www.steiner-optics.com, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.steiner-optics.com/support/about-us
101. FAQs | Steiner High-Quality Optics, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.steiner-optics.com/support/faqs
102. Spotting Scope Manufactory | Nature | Sport Optics | Leica Camera US, accessed August 10, 2025, https://leica-camera.com/en-US/sport-optics/nature/spotting-scopes/manufactory
103. 50 years of Leica Portugal | Leica Camera US, accessed August 10, 2025, https://leica-camera.com/en-US/World-of-Leica/50-years-leica-portugal
104. From Famalicão to the World: 50 Years of Leica in Portugal, accessed August 10, 2025, https://leica-camera.com/en-US/press/famalicao-world-50-years-leica-portugal
105. Nikko Stirling Australia – AmmoTerra, accessed August 10, 2025, https://ammoterra.com/company/nikko-stirling
106. Manufacturers: Nikko Stirling – OPTICS-PRO, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.optics-pro.com/m,Nikko-Stirling
107. About — Nikko Stirling, accessed August 10, 2025, https://nikkostirling.com/about
108. www.accurateshooter.com, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.accurateshooter.com/optics/valdada-ior-36x-benchrest-scope/#:~:text=Valdada%20scopes%20are%20made%20by,Romania)%20in%20Bucharest%2C%20Romania.
109. Valdada IOR 36X Benchrest Scope within AccurateShooter.com, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.accurateshooter.com/optics/valdada-ior-36x-benchrest-scope/
110. NOBLEX E-Optics GmbH – Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOBLEX_E-Optics_GmbH
111. Noblex – Nautic-Instruments, accessed August 10, 2025, https://www.nautic-instruments.nl/en/brands/noblex/