The development of the AK-74 assault rifle and its associated 5.45x39mm ammunition represents a pivotal chapter in Cold War small arms history. It was a direct and calculated Soviet response to the operational lessons gleaned from the Vietnam War, specifically the tactical advantages demonstrated by the American M16 rifle and its small-caliber, high-velocity (SCHV) cartridge. The program was not an exercise in simple mimicry, but rather a pragmatic and deliberate evolution of the thoroughly proven Kalashnikov operating system. The true innovation lay not in the rifle’s mechanism, but in the sophisticated ballistic design of the 5.45x39mm projectile, which achieved devastating terminal effects through engineered instability rather than velocity-dependent fragmentation. The subsequent rifle trials, which pitted Mikhail Kalashnikov’s evolutionary design against more complex systems, ultimately reaffirmed the core tenets of Soviet arms doctrine: absolute reliability, simplicity of maintenance, and suitability for mass production by a conscript-based military. The resulting AK-74 weapon system successfully balanced a significant increase in combat effectiveness—manifested in greater accuracy, a flatter trajectory, and superior wounding potential—with the inviolable principles that had defined Soviet weaponry for decades.

Section 1: The Vietnam Proving Ground – Soviet Intelligence and the M16 Catalyst

The genesis of the AK-74 is inextricably linked to the battlefields of Southeast Asia. The Vietnam War served as a live-fire laboratory, and Soviet military intelligence and arms designers were keen observers. Their analysis of the American M16 rifle was multifaceted; they recognized the profound conceptual strengths of its lightweight ammunition while simultaneously studying its catastrophic implementation failures as a case study in what to avoid. This critical evaluation provided the foundational impetus and doctrinal guardrails for the entire Soviet 5.45mm program.

1.1 Soviet Analysis of the M16’s Conceptual Advantages

Through the capture and technical analysis of M16 rifles and their 5.56x45mm ammunition in Vietnam, Soviet experts identified a clear paradigm shift in infantry firepower.¹ Three principal advantages were noted. First, the reduced size and weight of the 5.56mm cartridge offered a significant logistical and tactical benefit. An American soldier could carry more than twice the number of rounds for the same weight as a Soviet soldier equipped with an AKM and 7.62x39mm ammunition.² This ability to sustain a higher volume of fire was a crucial advantage in the close-quarters engagements typical of jungle warfare.⁵

Second, the high muzzle velocity of the M193 projectile, approximately 990 m/s, resulted in a considerably flatter trajectory compared to the 7.62x39mm round.⁶ This extended the maximum point-blank range, or “battle zero,” simplifying aiming and increasing the probability of hitting man-sized targets at typical engagement distances of up to 400 meters.⁸

Third, and perhaps most influential, was the terminal performance of the 5.56mm bullet. Soviet analysis of battlefield reports and wound ballistics confirmed that the lightweight, high-velocity projectile had a tendency to yaw and fragment upon striking soft tissue.⁹ This fragmentation produced devastating internal injuries, far exceeding the damage caused by the heavier 7.62x39mm bullet, which typically passed through the body, leaving a relatively clean wound channel.⁹ This dramatic increase in lethality created a clear capability gap that Soviet military planners could not ignore.

1.2 A Case Study in Failure: The M16’s Reliability Crisis

While the M16’s concept was impressive, its execution provided the Soviets with an equally valuable set of lessons. The rifle’s initial fielding was a disaster, plagued by widespread and often fatal malfunctions in combat.⁷ The most common stoppage was a “failure to extract,” where the spent cartridge case would remain stuck in the chamber, rendering the rifle useless until it could be cleared with a cleaning rod—a near-impossibility under fire.¹⁰

Soviet and subsequent Western analyses identified a confluence of poor engineering and logistical decisions as the root cause. A primary culprit was the U.S. Army’s unilateral decision to switch the ammunition’s propellant from the DuPont IMR stick powder specified by the designer, Eugene Stoner, to Olin Mathieson WC 846 ball powder.⁶ This change, made to meet production demands and lower costs, was not properly validated. The ball powder burned dirtier and produced a higher chamber pressure, which increased the cyclic rate of fire and left significantly more carbon fouling in the action.⁶ This fouling, combined with the U.S. Army’s cost-saving decision to omit chrome-plating from the barrel chamber and bore, led to corroded chambers and stuck cases.⁶ This perfect storm was compounded by a near-criminal lack of support for the troops in the field; rifles were issued without adequate cleaning kits and with the dangerously misleading information that the weapon was “self-cleaning”.⁶

1.3 Doctrinal Implications for the Soviet Union

The M16 experience served as both a catalyst and a cautionary tale for the Soviet military. It unequivocally validated the tactical benefits of small-caliber, high-velocity ammunition. However, it also provided a stark illustration of the dangers of adopting a revolutionary design without exhaustive testing, particularly when logistical and maintenance considerations are subordinated to cost and expediency.

This reinforced the bedrock principles of Soviet arms development. The new weapon system had to be, above all else, unfailingly reliable in the harshest conditions. It should favor proven, evolutionary design improvements over radical, untested mechanisms. Finally, it must be simple to manufacture on a massive scale and easy for a conscript army to operate and maintain with minimal training. The Soviets did not seek to copy the M16; they sought to adopt its ballistic advantages while inoculating their own design against the specific failures that had crippled the American rifle. The entire AK-74 program was therefore predicated on integrating a superior ballistic concept into the rugged, dependable, and thoroughly understood Kalashnikov operating system.

Section 2: The Heart of the System – Design and Ballistics of the 5.45x39mm Cartridge

The true innovation of the AK-74 weapon system was not the rifle itself, but the ammunition it fired. The development of the 5.45x39mm cartridge was a sophisticated undertaking that resulted in a projectile with unique and devastating terminal ballistics, earning it the memorable moniker “poison bullet” from its adversaries.

2.1 The TsNIITochMash Project and Design Objectives

The task of creating the Soviet Union’s new service cartridge fell to the Central Research Institute for Precision Machine Building (TsNIITochMash) located in Podolsk.¹⁷ Work commenced in the early 1970s under the leadership of V. M. Sabelnikov. The design team included a number of prominent engineers and technologists, such as L. I. Bulavskaya, B. V. Semin, and M. E. Fedorov.¹⁸

The project’s objectives were clear and directly informed by the analysis of the 5.56x45mm NATO round. The new cartridge needed to be lightweight to increase the soldier’s ammunition load, produce less recoil to improve controllability during automatic fire, and possess a higher velocity for a flatter trajectory and increased effective range.¹⁸ The overarching goal was to match or exceed the perceived combat effectiveness of the American SCHV concept.¹⁸

2.2 Engineering the “Poison Bullet”: A Technical Breakdown of the 7N6 Projectile

The standard-issue 5.45x39mm cartridge, designated 7N6, featured a projectile of remarkably complex construction. The 3.43-gram (52.9-grain) boat-tail bullet was jacketed in gilding metal.¹⁸ Inside, it contained a 1.43-gram mild steel (Steel 10) penetrator core sheathed in a thin layer of lead. Critically, this assembly did not fill the entire forward section of the jacket, leaving a small, hollow air cavity in the nose of the bullet.¹⁸

This design was a masterstroke of ballistic engineering. The combination of the hollow air pocket at the tip and the dense steel core and lead plug at the base shifted the bullet’s center of mass significantly to the rear.¹ This inherent instability caused the projectile to yaw dramatically—to tumble end over end—very shortly after impacting soft tissue, typically within the first 10 cm of penetration.¹⁸ This rapid tumbling action transferred the bullet’s kinetic energy to the surrounding tissue with brutal efficiency, creating a large temporary wound cavity and causing massive internal damage. It was this devastating terminal effect that led Afghan Mujahideen fighters to nickname it the “poison bullet” during the Soviet-Afghan War.¹⁸

This approach represented a form of asymmetric ballistic engineering. While the American M193 round relied on high impact velocity to induce fragmentation, a phenomenon that diminished rapidly with range, the Soviet 7N6 was engineered for instability. Its tumbling effect was a function of its physical construction, making its terminal performance more consistent and reliable across a wider range of impact velocities, including those from the short-barreled AKS-74U carbine.

2.3 Ammunition Evolution and Variants

The 7N6 cartridge was the foundation for a family of ammunition that evolved to meet new battlefield requirements.

• 7N6M: Introduced in 1987, the “Modernized” round featured a hardened steel (Steel 65G) core for better penetration against helmets and light body armor.¹
• 7N10: Adopted in 1994, this “Enhanced Penetration” (PP) round used a sharper, heat-strengthened steel core, further improving its ability to defeat barriers. It became the new standard-issue cartridge.¹
• 7N22 & 7N24: Later developments included the 7N22 armor-piercing (BP) round with a high-carbon steel penetrator (1998) and the 7N24 “super armor-piercing” (BS) round, which used a tungsten-carbide core for maximum penetration capability.¹
• Specialist Rounds: A suite of specialized cartridges was also developed, including the 7T3 tracer round and the 7U1 subsonic round for use with suppressed weapons.¹

Specification	7.62x39mm M43	5.56x45mm M193	5.45x39mm 7N6
Bullet Diameter	7.92 mm	5.70 mm	5.60 mm
Bullet Weight	7.9 g (122 gr)	3.6 g (55 gr)	3.43 g (52.9 gr)
Muzzle Velocity	~715 m/s	~990 m/s	~900 m/s
Muzzle Energy	~2,019 J	~1,764 J	~1,389 J
Cartridge Weight	~16.3 g	~11.8 g	~10.75 g
Free Recoil Energy	~7.19 J (AKM)	~6.44 J (M16A1)	~3.39 J (AK-74)

Section 3: Forging a Successor – The Trials for the Red Army’s New Rifle

With the 5.45x39mm cartridge finalized, the Soviet Ministry of Defense initiated a formal competition to select the new service rifle that would chamber it. This was a serious undertaking, involving the premier design bureaus of the Soviet arms industry. The trials would ultimately pit a mechanically advanced but complex design against the proven simplicity of the Kalashnikov system, a contest whose outcome would reaffirm the core principles of Soviet military-industrial doctrine.

3.1 The Competition for a New 5.45mm Rifle

In December 1966, the decision was made to create a new 5.45mm small arms complex, with a requirement that the new weapon be 1.5 times more effective than the AKM.²⁸ The competition, which took place in the late 1960s and early 1970s, drew entries from the most prestigious design centers in the USSR: the Izhevsk Machine Plant (Izhmash), the Kovrov Mechanical Plant (KMZ), and the Tula Arms Plant (TOZ).²⁹

3.2 The Main Contenders: Kalashnikov A-3 vs. Konstantinov SA-006

While numerous prototypes were submitted, the competition eventually narrowed to two primary contenders. From Mikhail Kalashnikov’s bureau at Izhmash came the A-3, a design that was a direct and logical evolution of the AKM, adapted for the new cartridge.³² It retained the long-stroke gas piston and rotating bolt system that was the hallmark of Kalashnikov’s work.

Its chief rival was the SA-006 from the design bureau at Kovrov, led by A.S. Konstantinov.³³ This rifle was a more ambitious design, utilizing a “balanced automatics recoil system” (BARS).²⁸ In this system, the gas piston was linked via a simple gear mechanism to a second, counter-moving weight. As the bolt carrier and piston were driven to the rear, the counter-weight was simultaneously driven forward. This action effectively canceled out the opposing impulses of the reciprocating parts, dramatically reducing felt recoil and muzzle climb during automatic fire.²⁸

3.3 The Trials and Verdict

The A-3 and SA-006 underwent extensive and rigorous field trials in multiple military districts.³³ The results were telling. In terms of pure performance, the Konstantinov SA-006 demonstrated a measurable advantage in hit probability, particularly when fired in bursts from unsupported positions, a direct result of its effective balanced action system.³¹

However, this performance came at a cost. The trials commission found the SA-006 to be significantly more complex mechanically, which made it less durable and far more difficult to maintain and repair in the field.³³ Its more intricate mechanism was also more susceptible to fouling and required greater force to cycle by hand when dirty.³³

The Kalashnikov A-3, by contrast, exhibited the legendary reliability of its predecessors. In 1973, the state commission made its decision. The A-3 was selected as the Red Army’s next service rifle.³³ The verdict was a clear affirmation of Soviet military-industrial pragmatism. While the SA-006 offered a marginal increase in performance, the A-3’s superior reliability, mechanical simplicity, lower production cost, and high degree of parts commonality with the AKM (approximately 50%) made it the overwhelmingly logical choice.³³ This decision would allow for a rapid and cost-effective transition on the production lines at Izhmash and would require minimal retraining for both soldiers and armorers.²² The A-3 was officially adopted into service in 1974 under the GRAU designation 6P20, better known as the AK-74.³⁶

Section 4: From AKM to AK-74 – An Engineering and Design Evolution

Adapting the AKM platform to the new high-velocity 5.45x39mm cartridge required more than a simple barrel and bolt swap. It demanded a series of targeted engineering solutions to manage the different ballistic properties, gas pressures, and recoil impulses of the new round. The resulting changes, while maintaining the core operating principle, refined the Kalashnikov system into a more effective and controllable weapon.

4.1 The Muzzle Device: Excellent Recoil Management

The most prominent and recognizable feature of the AK-74 is its large, cylindrical muzzle brake.³⁸ This complex device replaced the simple slant-cut compensator of the AKM and is a key component of the rifle’s recoil management system. It functions as a multi-chamber brake and compensator. As propellant gases exit the barrel, they first enter a large expansion chamber, which reduces the overall rearward recoil impulse. The gases then flow into a second chamber which features two vertical cuts at the front and three smaller, asymmetrically positioned vent holes on the side.³⁶ These vents redirect gases upwards and to the right, actively counteracting the natural tendency of the muzzle to rise and drift during automatic fire. Finally, a flat baffle at the very front of the device uses the last of the exiting gas to create a forward thrust, further mitigating felt recoil.³⁶ The effectiveness of this device is profound, making the AK-74 exceptionally stable and controllable in full-automatic fire when compared to its predecessor.⁴⁰

4.2 Gas System and Barrel Modifications

A critical internal change was the redesign of the gas block. Initial prototypes retained the AKM’s gas port, which was drilled at a 45-degree angle to the bore. During testing, it was discovered that the significantly higher velocity of the 5.45mm bullet caused a phenomenon known as “bullet shear,” where the bullet’s jacket would be partially shaved off as it passed the port.³⁹ This damaged the projectile, affecting accuracy, and introduced fouling into the gas system. To solve this, Izhmash engineers, around 1977, redesigned the component with a gas channel drilled at a 90-degree angle to the bore axis, which completely eliminated the shearing issue.³⁶ This 90-degree gas block became a defining feature of all subsequent AK-74 variants. The barrel itself was, of course, entirely new, featuring a chrome-lined 5.45mm bore with four right-hand grooves and a 1-in-200mm (1:7.87 in) twist rate, specifically optimized to stabilize the long, slender 7N6 projectile.³⁶

4.3 Bolt Carrier Group and Extractor

The fundamental long-stroke gas piston operation of the AKM was retained, but key components of the bolt and carrier were modified. The bolt for the 5.45mm cartridge is dimensionally different from the AKM’s, with a noticeably thinner bolt stem.⁴³ A crucial, though subtle, reliability enhancement was made to the extractor. Because the Kalashnikov system lacks primary extraction (the initial loosening of the case upon bolt rotation), reliable extraction relies entirely on the extractor claw. To ensure positive and forceful extraction of the smaller 5.45x39mm case under all conditions, the extractor on the AK-74 bolt was designed to be larger and more robust than the one found on the 7.62x39mm AKM bolt.³⁶ This counter-intuitive change—a larger extractor for a smaller case—is a classic example of the Kalashnikov design philosophy prioritizing function over all else.

4.4 Receiver, Furniture, and Magazines

The AK-74 was built on the same 1mm stamped steel receiver as the late-model AKM, and about half of the small components, like pins and springs, remained interchangeable, simplifying production and logistics.³⁶ Early production rifles (c. 1974-1985) were fitted with laminated wood furniture. The buttstock was visually distinct from the AKM’s, featuring a longitudinal groove, or “lightening cut,” on each side.⁴² In the mid-1980s, a major production change occurred with the transition to polymer furniture made from a glass-fiber reinforced polyamide, initially in a distinctive “plum” color.³⁹ This was later changed to the matte black polymer that became the standard for the AK-74M.³⁹

Magazines also evolved. The first-generation magazines were made from a thermoset phenol-formaldehyde resin (AG-4S), commonly referred to as “Bakelite,” in a recognizable mottled orange-brown color.³⁹ As the rifle’s furniture changed, so did the magazines, transitioning to plum and then black polymer to match.⁴⁷ Due to the 5.45x39mm cartridge having significantly less case taper than the 7.62x39mm round, the AK-74 magazine has a much straighter, less pronounced curve than the iconic “banana” magazine of the AKM.³⁸

Specification	AKM (1959)	AK-74 (1974)
Caliber	7.62x39mm	5.45x39mm
Muzzle Velocity	~715 m/s	~900 m/s
Action	Gas-operated, long-stroke piston, rotating bolt	Gas-operated, long-stroke piston, rotating bolt
Receiver	1mm Stamped Steel	1mm Stamped Steel
Overall Length	880 mm	943 mm
Barrel Length	415 mm	415 mm
Barrel Twist Rate	1:240 mm (1:9.45 in)	1:200 mm (1:7.87 in)
Weight (unloaded)	~3.1 kg	~3.07 kg
Muzzle Device	Slant compensator	Two-chamber compensator/brake
Gas Block Angle	45 degrees	90 degrees
Bolt/Extractor	Standard 7.62mm bolt, standard extractor	Thinner 5.45mm bolt stem, enlarged extractor
Magazine	Stamped steel or Bakelite, pronounced curve	Bakelite or polymer, slight curve
Furniture Material	Laminated wood or Bakelite	Laminated wood, later plum/black polymer

Section 5: A Prolific Family – The AK-74 Series Variants

The AK-74 was not a single rifle but the foundation of a comprehensive weapon system. Following established Soviet doctrine, the core design was adapted into a family of variants to fulfill specialized combat roles, from a compact personal defense weapon to a squad support weapon. This approach maximized parts commonality, simplifying logistics, training, and manufacturing across the armed forces.

5.1 AKS-74: The Paratrooper’s Rifle

Developed in parallel with the standard fixed-stock rifle, the AKS-74 (Avtomat Kalashnikova Skladnoy, “folding”) was intended for airborne troops (VDV), naval infantry, and mechanized units who required a more compact weapon for operating in and dismounting from vehicles and aircraft.³⁸ Its defining feature is a stamped-steel, triangular-shaped buttstock that folds to the left side of the receiver.³⁸ This design was a marked improvement over the under-folding stock of the preceding AKMS, offering superior rigidity, a more stable cheek weld, and allowing optics to remain mounted on the side rail when the stock was folded.³⁸ The folding mechanism necessitated a unique rear trunnion with a robust hinge and a spring-loaded latch to secure the stock in both the extended and folded positions.⁴¹ Its GRAU index is 6P21.⁴¹

5.2 AKS-74U “Krinkov”: The “Modern” Program PDW

In the early 1970s, the Soviet military initiated a research program codenamed “Modern” (Модерн) to develop a compact, automatic weapon to replace the Stechkin APS machine pistol as a personal defense weapon (PDW) for vehicle crews, artillerymen, pilots, and special forces units.⁵⁰ After a competitive trial that included designs from Simonov (AG-043) and Dragunov, the Kalashnikov entry was selected and officially adopted in 1979 as the AKS-74U (Ukorochenniy, “shortened”).⁵³

The AKS-74U (GRAU index 6P26) is a radical modification of the AKS-74. Its barrel is cut down to just 210 mm (8.1 inches).⁴² To ensure reliable function with such a short barrel and reduced gas dwell time, it is fitted with a distinctive muzzle device that acts as a gas expansion chamber, or “booster,” to build up sufficient pressure to cycle the action, while also serving as a flash hider.⁵³ Other unique features include a hinged receiver cover (to which the rear sight is attached) and a simplified flip-up rear sight with settings for 350 and 500 meters.⁵³ While highly valued for its extreme compactness, the AKS-74U’s performance was a compromise; it suffered from a significantly reduced effective range (around 200 meters), a tendency to overheat rapidly during sustained fire, and a ferocious muzzle blast and flash.⁵⁰

5.3 RPK-74: The Squad Support Weapon

To provide a squad automatic weapon (SAW) chambered for the new cartridge, the RPK-74 was developed and adopted alongside the AK-74 in 1974, replacing the 7.62mm RPK.⁵⁹ It is a direct adaptation of the AK-74, built on a strengthened RPK-style stamped receiver with a reinforced, non-removable front trunnion. Its primary features are a long, 590 mm heavy-profile, chrome-lined barrel for improved heat dissipation and higher muzzle velocity (960 m/s), and an integrated folding bipod mounted near the muzzle.⁵⁹ It also features a unique “clubfoot” style stock designed to support the user’s non-firing hand when shooting from the prone position.⁵⁹ The RPK-74 is fed from proprietary 45-round box magazines made of Bakelite or polymer, but it retains interchangeability with standard 30-round AK-74 magazines.⁵⁹ A folding-stock version, the RPKS-74, was also produced for airborne units.

5.4 AK-74M: The Modernized Rifle

The AK-74M (Modernizirovannyj, “Modernized”) represents the final Soviet-era evolution of the platform, adopted in 1991.³⁹ It was conceived as a single, “universal” rifle to replace the fixed-stock AK-74, the folding-stock AKS-74, and their respective night-vision capable “N” variants, thereby simplifying production and logistics.⁶³ The AK-74M standardized the features of its predecessors. It is built with a solid black, glass-filled polyamide stock that mimics the shape of the original fixed stock but folds to the left side of the receiver.⁴⁴ A universal Warsaw Pact-style optics rail is fitted as standard to the left side of the receiver on every rifle.⁴⁴ The rifle also incorporates minor manufacturing improvements, such as a strengthened dust cover and a simplified bolt guide, to reduce cost and facilitate the mounting of under-barrel grenade launchers like the GP-25 and GP-34.⁴⁴ The AK-74M became the standard service rifle of the newly formed Russian Federation and remains in service to this day.

Variant	GRAU Index	Primary Role	Barrel Length	Overall Length (Ext/Fold)	Weight (unloaded)	Stock Type	Key Features
AK-74	6P20	Standard Infantry	415 mm	943 mm	3.07 kg	Fixed (Wood/Polymer)	Large muzzle brake, 90° gas block
AKS-74	6P21	Airborne/Mechanized	415 mm	940 mm / 700 mm	3.2 kg	Side-Folding (Triangular)	Compact for vehicle/airborne use
AKS-74U	6P26	PDW/Special Forces	210 mm	735 mm / 490 mm	2.5 kg	Side-Folding (Triangular)	Muzzle booster, hinged top cover
RPK-74	6P18	Squad Automatic Weapon	590 mm	1,060 mm	4.58 kg	Fixed (Wood/Polymer)	Heavy barrel, bipod, 45-rd mag
AK-74M	6P34	Universal Infantry	415 mm	943 mm / 704 mm	3.6 kg	Side-Folding (Solid Polymer)	Standard optics rail, polymer furniture

Section 6: Production History and Timeline

The industrial-scale manufacturing of the AK-74 weapon system was a massive undertaking, centered on two of the Soviet Union’s most storied arms factories. The timeline of its development and deployment reflects a deliberate and methodical process, moving from initial research spurred by battlefield intelligence to full-scale production and eventual modernization.

6.1 Manufacturing Centers: Izhmash and Tula

The primary manufacturing center for the AK-74 family was the Izhevsk Machine Plant (Izhmash), the historical home of Mikhail Kalashnikov’s design bureau and the epicenter of Kalashnikov production.⁴¹ After the rifle’s adoption in 1974, Izhmash ramped up tooling and began full-scale series production around 1976, initially manufacturing the rifle alongside the older AKM to fulfill ongoing export and reserve commitments.⁴¹

The renowned Tula Arms Plant (TOZ) also played a significant role. Tula produced the full-size, fixed-stock AK-74 for a limited period, from roughly 1979 to 1981.⁶⁷ Following this, production of the compact

AKS-74U was transferred entirely from Izhmash to Tula in 1981-1982.⁵⁰ Tula became the sole manufacturer of the carbine, producing it until the program was concluded in 1993.⁷⁰ This division of labor exemplifies a sophisticated industrial strategy. By assigning the mass production of the standard infantry rifle to Izhmash and the more specialized, lower-volume AKS-74U to Tula, the Soviet defense industry could optimize both processes, preventing the specialized requirements of the carbine from disrupting the high-tempo production lines for the main rifle.

6.2 Timeline of Development and Service

The evolution of the AK-74 can be traced through a clear chronological progression:

• Late 1960s: Spurred by intelligence on the M16 from Vietnam, initial Soviet research into small-caliber, high-velocity cartridges begins. A formal competition for a new 5.45mm rifle is initiated.²⁸
• Early 1970s: The design for the 5.45x39mm cartridge is finalized by the team at TsNIITochMash. The competitive rifle trials pitting the Kalashnikov A-3 against the Konstantinov SA-006 and other designs are held.¹
• 1974: The Kalashnikov A-3 design is officially adopted as the AK-74, and the 7N6 cartridge is accepted as the new standard service round.¹⁸
• 1976: Full-scale serial production of the AK-74 commences at the Izhmash plant.⁴¹
• 1979: The AKS-74U compact carbine is officially adopted.⁵³ In December, the AK-74 sees its first major combat test during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, where it quickly becomes the standard rifle for deployed units.³²
• Mid-1980s: Production shifts from laminated wood furniture to plum-colored polyamide. The improved 7N6M cartridge with a hardened steel core is introduced in 1987.²³
• 1991: The modernized AK-74M, featuring a standard side-folding polymer stock and optics rail, is adopted as the universal service rifle, just prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.³⁹

Conclusion: A Pragmatic Evolution

The research, design, and implementation of the AK-74 weapon system stand as a testament to the Soviet military-industrial complex’s core philosophy: pragmatic evolution rooted in battlefield reality. It was not a revolutionary leap in firearm design, but rather a masterclass in the calculated integration of a modern ballistic concept into a supremely reliable and well-understood mechanical platform.

The catalyst was the American M16, which demonstrated the clear tactical advantages of small-caliber, high-velocity ammunition. Yet, Soviet designers critically analyzed its failures—the unreliable action, the unvalidated ammunition changes, the lack of robustness—and deliberately chose a different path. Instead of copying a flawed design, they adapted their own. The heart of the system, the 5.45x39mm 7N6 cartridge, was a clever piece of engineering that achieved its devastating terminal effects through inherent physical instability, a more robust method than the velocity-dependent fragmentation of its American counterpart.

The rifle trials further underscored this pragmatism. The state commission chose the evolutionary Kalashnikov A-3 over the technically more advanced but complex Konstantinov SA-006, prioritizing reliability, cost, and logistical simplicity over marginal gains in performance. The subsequent engineering changes—from the highly effective muzzle brake and 90-degree gas block to the enlarged extractor—were all targeted solutions to the specific challenges posed by the new cartridge. The result was a complete weapon system that significantly enhanced the combat effectiveness of the individual Soviet soldier by providing a lighter, more accurate, and more controllable rifle without sacrificing the legendary reliability that defined its lineage. The AK-74 was the final standard-issue rifle of the Soviet Union, and its direct descendant, the AK-74M, continues to arm the Russian Federation, a lasting legacy of a design philosophy that valued pragmatic perfection over unproven innovation.

---

If you find this post useful, please share the link on Facebook, with your friends, etc. Your support is much appreciated and if you have any feedback, please email me at in**@*********ps.com. Please note that for links to other websites, I may be paid via an affiliate program such as Avantlink, Impact, Amazon and eBay.

---

Works cited

1. 5.45x39mm Soviet – Weaponsystems.net, accessed July 27, 2025, https://weaponsystems.net/system/1512-5.45x39mm+Soviet
2. Vietnam War: M-16 M-14 and Other Rifle Groups: Department of Defense Reports, Field Manuals, and Training Film – Paperless Archives, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.paperlessarchives.com/vw_m16.html
3. M16 rifle – Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M16_rifle
4. Early Testing and Evaluation of the U.S. AR-15/M16 Rifle – Small Arms Review, accessed July 27, 2025, https://smallarmsreview.com/early-testing-and-evaluation-of-the-u-s-ar-15-m16-rifle/
5. The M16 and the Vietnam War – YouTube, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akNUX6v7b7E&pp=0gcJCf0Ao7VqN5tD
6. How did the M16 gain it’s bad reputation being an unreliable weapon during the Vietnam War? : r/AskHistorians – Reddit, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1neiqh/how_did_the_m16_gain_its_bad_reputation_being_an/
7. M14 VS. M16 IN VIETNAM – Small Arms Review, accessed July 27, 2025, https://smallarmsreview.com/m14-vs-m16-in-vietnam/
8. Intermediate cartridge – Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge
9. “This is My Rifle” – From the Hill Fights in Vietnam to Today: The History of the M16 – Marine Corps Association, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.mca-marines.org/leatherneck/this-is-my-rifle-from-the-hill-fights-in-vietnam-to-today-the-history-of-the-m16/
10. The M-16 And The Vietnam War – History on the Net, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.historyonthenet.com/the-m-16-and-the-vietnam-war
11. (PDF) The M16 in Vietnam: A History of the Weapon’s Effectiveness in the Vietnam War and the Necessity of its Creation – ResearchGate, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340824688_The_M16_in_Vietnam_A_History_of_the_Weapon’s_Effectiveness_in_the_Vietnam_War_and_the_Necessity_of_its_Creation
12. The AK-47 vs. the M16 Rifle During the Vietnam War – Warfare History Network, accessed July 27, 2025, https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/the-ak-47-vs-the-m16-during-the-vietnam-war/
13. How And Why The M16 Failed In Vietnam (And Is It Reliable Today?) – Pew Pew Tactical, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.pewpewtactical.com/m16-vietnam-failure/
14. M-16 Rifle Report – CQ Almanac Online Edition, accessed July 27, 2025, https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal67-1313156
15. The M16 Problem in Vietnam – YouTube, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SF4FgF7rfM
16. Report of the M16 Rifle Review Panel. Volume 8, Appendix 7. M16 Surveys in the Republic of Vietnam, accessed July 27, 2025, https://thecoltar15resource.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/report-of-the-m16-rifle-review-panel-app-7.pdf
17. Патрон 5,45х39 – виды, характеристика, вес, размеры – Guns.Club, accessed July 27, 2025, https://guns.club/lib/oruzhie/rossiyskie-avtomatnye-patrony-5-45kh39-mm-i-ikh-raznovidnosti/
18. 5.45×39mm – Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.45%C3%9739mm
19. 5,45 × 39 мм — Википедия, accessed July 27, 2025, https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/5,45_%C3%97_39_%D0%BC%D0%BC
20. 5.45×39 Ammo: Everything You Need to Know – BulkMunitions, accessed July 27, 2025, https://bulkmunitions.com/blog/5-45×39-ammo-everything-you-need-to-know/
21. 5.45x39mm vs. 7.62x39mm – A Battle of Bullets – KIR Ammo, accessed July 27, 2025, https://kirammo.com/5-45x39mm-vs-7-62x39mm-a-battle-of-bullets/
22. Kalashnikov Evolution: AK74, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.kalashnikovgroup.ru/media/evolyutsiya-ak/evolyutsiya-ak-avtomat-ak7
23. History of 5.45×39 Ammo : r/AK74 – Reddit, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/AK74/comments/js2hok/history_of_545x39_ammo/
24. POODLE POPPER SHOWDOWN: East vs. West Small-Caliber High-Velocity Shoot-Off, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.swatmag.com/article/poodle-popper-showdown-east-vs-west-small-caliber-high-velocity-shoot-off/
25. Автоматный патрон 5,45×39 – Вымпел-В, accessed July 27, 2025, https://vimpel-v.com/main_shooting/ammunition/1138-545×39.html
26. 5.45×39 vs. 7.62×39 – Core Vision Training, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.corevision-training.com/blog/545-vs-762-caliber-comparison
27. Comparison of the AK-47 and M16 – Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_the_AK-47_and_M16
28. Автомат Константинова/Кокшарова СА-006. В декабре 1966 …, accessed July 27, 2025, https://m.vk.com/wall-107256307_191
29. AK-12 and AK-15 Rifles Adopted by Russian Army Five Years Ago – Kalashnikov Group, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.kalashnikovgroup.ru/news/ak-12-and-ak-15-rifles-adopted-by-russian-army-five-years-ago
30. Автоматы Калашникова АК-74 и АКС-74 (5.45 мм) – Vip Безопасность, accessed July 27, 2025, https://bezpekavip.com/5-45-mm-avtomat-kalashnikova-ak-74
31. Balanced action at a glance – All4Shooters.com, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.all4shooters.com/en/shooting/culture/balanced-operation-working-systems-firearms/
32. Brief history of AK-74 (and its use in Afghanistan) – Safar Publishing, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.safar-publishing.com/post/brief-history-of-ak-74-and-its-use-in-afghanistan
33. Konstantinov SA-006 assault rifle, a direct competitor to the AK-74 during Soviet trials in the late 1960s : r/ForgottenWeapons – Reddit, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/ForgottenWeapons/comments/12iqhow/konstantinov_sa006_assault_rifle_a_direct/
34. Автомат сбалансированной автоматикой Константинова СА-006 калибра 5.45, который соревновался с АК-74 на испытаниях. Позже развился в АЕК-971 : r/ForgottenWeapons – Reddit, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/ForgottenWeapons/comments/qii814/the_konstantinov_sa006_balanced_action_545_rifle/?tl=ru
35. Автомат Константинова СА-006, прямой конкурент АК-74 во время советских испытаний в конце 1960-х годов : r/ForgottenWeapons – Reddit, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/ForgottenWeapons/comments/12iqhow/konstantinov_sa006_assault_rifle_a_direct/?tl=ru
36. AK-74 – Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-74
37. The Secret Story of The AN-94 “Abakan” Assault Rifle – Small Arms Review, accessed July 27, 2025, https://smallarmsreview.com/the-secret-story-of-the-an-94-abakan-assault-rifle/
38. Kalashnikov AK-74 – Weaponsystems.net, accessed July 27, 2025, https://weaponsystems.net/system/1035-Kalashnikov+AK-74
39. The AK-74: From Soviet Small Arm To Resistance Symbol | An …, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.americanrifleman.org/content/the-ak-74-from-soviet-small-arm-to-resistance-symbol/
40. Which one is better, the AK-47, AK-74, or AKM? – Quora, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.quora.com/Which-one-is-better-the-AK-47-AK-74-or-AKM
41. The Early Pattern Soviet 5.45x39mm AKS-74 Assault Rifle – Firearms News, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.firearmsnews.com/editorial/early-pattern-soviet-assault-rifle/457208
42. AK Variants: A Closer Look – The Primary Source On PrimaryArms.com, accessed July 27, 2025, https://blog.primaryarms.com/guide/ak-variants-explored/
43. Difference between Ak74 VS Akm [Akm 跟 Ak74 的不同] – YouTube, accessed July 27, 2025, https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=G0nbSgsvN-Y
44. AK-74M – IOP Wiki, accessed July 27, 2025, https://iopwiki.com/wiki/AK-74M
45. What are the differences between the AK-47, AKM, and AK-74? Also, out of the 3 which one would be considered the best? – Quora, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-differences-between-the-AK-47-AKM-and-AK-74-Also-out-of-the-3-which-one-would-be-considered-the-best
46. A Guide to 5.45x39mm Kalashnikov Magazine Types – coolfx.us, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.coolfx.us/ak/ak74_mag_guide_main.htm
47. AK-74 Russian Izhmash Magazine (Plum) – YouTube, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zpu6X23dL8
48. File:AK74 1 model and AKS74.jpg – Wikimedia Commons, accessed July 27, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AK74_1_model_and_AKS74.jpg
49. Kalashnikov rifle – Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalashnikov_rifle
50. The “Krinkov” – AKS-74U/AKSU in Afghanistan – Safar Publishing, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.safar-publishing.com/post/the-krinkov-aks-74u-in-afghanistan
51. АКСУ и его особенности. – Статья – Air-gun.ru, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.air-gun.ru/social/readtopic/aksu_i_ego_osobennosti
52. Автомат АКС-74У (Россия) | DogsWar.ru – Всё о стрелковом оружии и военной технике, accessed July 27, 2025, http://www.dogswar.ru/strelkovoe-oryjie/avtomaty/5720-avtomat-aks-74y-ros.html
53. Kalashnikov AKS-74U – Weaponsystems.net, accessed July 27, 2025, https://weaponsystems.net/system/680-Kalashnikov+AKS-74U
54. “Cutting-Edge” russian Rifle AM-17: Created in 1975, Production Launch in 2025, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.defence-ua.com/weapon_and_tech/cutting_edge_russian_rifle_am_17_created_in_1975_production_launch_in_2025-12145.html
55. AG-043 – Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG-043
56. 5,45-мм укороченный автомат Калашникова АКС 74У (6П26) (1979г.) – war-russia.info, accessed July 27, 2025, http://war-russia.info/index.php/nomenklatura-vooruzhenij/428-sukhoputnye-vojska/strelkovoe-oruzhie/strelkovoe-oruzhie-2/avtomaty-pistolety-pulemety-2/2728-5-45-mm-ukorochennyj-avtomat-kalashnikova-aks-74u-6p26-1979g
57. ВУЛКАН ТК – УКРАЇНСЬКЕ ТОВАРИСТВО МИСЛИВЦІВ І РИБАЛОК, accessed July 27, 2025, https://uoor.com.ua/forum/index.php?threads/%D0%92%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9D-%D0%A2%D0%9A.6128/
58. AK-74U – IOP Wiki, accessed July 27, 2025, https://iopwiki.com/index.php?title=AK-74U&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop
59. RPK – Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPK
60. RPK machine gun Facts for Kids, accessed July 27, 2025, https://kids.kiddle.co/RPK_machine_gun
61. Kalashnikov RPK-74 – Weaponsystems.net, accessed July 27, 2025, https://weaponsystems.net/system/1376-kalashnikov+rpk-74
62. Engineering:RPK – HandWiki, accessed July 27, 2025, https://handwiki.org/wiki/Engineering:RPK
63. Kalashnikov AK-74M – Weaponsystems.net, accessed July 27, 2025, https://weaponsystems.net/system/1036-Kalashnikov+AK-74M
64. AK-74M || Kalashnikov Group, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.kalashnikovgroup.ru/catalog/boevoe-strelkovoe-oruzhie/avtomaty/avtomat-kalashnikova-ak74m
65. File:Ak-74-withmagazine.jpg – Wikimedia Commons, accessed July 27, 2025, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ak-74-withmagazine.jpg
66. АК-74 – Википедия, accessed July 27, 2025, https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A-74
67. RARE Tula AK-74 – YouTube, accessed July 27, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uj-LkfXP_QA
68. Tula Arms Plant – Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Arms_Plant
69. Основные клейма и маркировки автоматов и ручных пулеметов Калашникова – АК-образные – GunsForum, accessed July 27, 2025, https://gunsforum.com/topic/2409-osnovnye-kleyma-i-markirovki-avtomatov-i-ruchnyh-pulemetov-kalashnikova/
70. АКС-74У – Википедия, accessed July 27, 2025, https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A1-74%D0%A3
71. Автомат АКС-74У. Старый новый друг пехоты – Раздел: Военное дело – ВикиЧтение, accessed July 27, 2025, https://military.wikireading.ru/8455
72. Фото История развития АКСУ 2020 – ВКонтакте, accessed July 27, 2025, https://vk.com/@custom_the_jag-istoriya-razvitiya-aksu
73. File:5.45x39mm.jpg – Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5.45x39mm.jpg